Heating impact of localised burning in large compartment fires

Abstract The spread of fire through the façades is one of the quickest routes of spreading flames in buildings. There are three situations that can lead to the spread of fire though the façades: a) Fire from outside through hot coals, initialized/set either by a fire in a nearby building or a wooden area in flames, b) Fire started/set by an element that burns in the front of the façade (garbage container, furniture, etc.), c) Fire originated in a compartment of the building, which spreads outwards through the windows. In this paper, I focus only at the last case, which is considered to be the most dangerous and statistically the most frequently occurring. Fire spread of some type of façades were discussed: • Glazed façade, • Double-skin façade, • Façade with structural barriers, • Façade with side walls at the opening, • Façades covered by ETICS (External Thermal Insulation Composite System). Also information of influence of radiation from compartment fires to adjacent buildings was added.

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COMPARTMENT FIRES: CALTREE AND CROSS-VENTILATION

Combustion Science and Technology ◽

10.1080/00102200701202676 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 179 (8) ◽

pp. 1549-1567 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

RAJIV KUMAR ◽

M. NAVEEN

Keyword(s):

Compartment Fires

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Estimation of combustion efficiency for ceiling vented compartment fires using zone model concept

Thermal Science ◽

10.2298/tsci170423187y ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (2 Part B) ◽

pp. 929-939

Author(s):

Man Yuan ◽

Jiaqing Zhang ◽

Shouxiang Lu

Keyword(s):

Combustion Efficiency ◽

Zone Model ◽

Model Concept ◽

Compartment Fires

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A CFD and Experimental Investigation of the Mixing Process in Compartment Fires

Fire Safety Science ◽

10.3801/iafss.fss.10-1043 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 1043-1056

Author(s):

G. Guigay ◽

J. Most ◽

J. ElÃ-asson ◽

B. Karlsson

Keyword(s):

Experimental Investigation ◽

Mixing Process ◽

Compartment Fires

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Suppression of post-flashover compartment fires using manually applied water sprays

10.6028/nist.ir.4625 ◽

1991 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

David W Stroup ◽

David D Evans

Keyword(s):

Applied Water ◽

Compartment Fires ◽

Water Sprays

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Heat Transfer in Compartment Fires Near Regions of Ceiling-Jet Impingement on a Wall

Journal of Heat Transfer ◽

10.1115/1.3250698 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 111 (2) ◽

pp. 455-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

L. Y. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Jet Impingement ◽

Problem Formulation ◽

Jet Flows ◽

Fire Plume ◽

Compartment Fires ◽

Free Jet ◽

Wall Impingement ◽

Energy Release Rates ◽

Scale Experiment

The problem of heat transfer to walls from fire-plume-driven ceiling jets during compartment fires is introduced. Estimates are obtained for the mass, momentum, and enthalpy flux of the ceiling jet immediately upstream of the ceiling–wall junction. An analogy is drawn between the flow dynamics and heat transfer at ceiling-jet/wall impingement and at the line impingement of a wall and a two-dimensional, plane, free jet. Using the analogy, results from the literature on plane, free-jet flows and corresponding wall-stagnation heat transfer rates are recast into a ceiling-jet/wall-impingement-problem formulation. This leads to a readily usable estimate for the heat transfer from the ceiling jet as it turns downward and begins its initial descent as a negatively buoyant flow along the compartment walls. Available data from a reduced-scale experiment provide some limited verification of the heat transfer estimate. Depending on the proximity of a wall to the point of plume–ceiling impingement, the result indicates that for typical full-scale compartment fires with energy release rates in the range 200–2000 kW and fire-to-ceiling distances of 2–3 m, the rate of heat transfer to walls can be enhanced by a factor of 1.1–2.3 over the heat transfer to ceilings immediately upstream of ceiling-jet impingement.

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