Influence of Safeners on the in vivo and in vitro Metabolism of Bentazon and Metolachlor by Grain Sorghum Shoots: a Preliminary Report

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 906-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Moreland ◽  
Frederick T. Corbin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Surface Sterilization ◽  
Polar Components ◽  
In Vitro Shoots ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

Abstract Metabolism of bentazon and metolachlor by excised shoots and a microsomal fraction iso­lated from the shoots, of 3-day-old, dark-grown, grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Funk G 522 DR) seedlings was studied. The effects of seed treatments, on the subsequent metabo­lism of the herbicides, with the safeners naphthalic anhydride, oxabetrinil, and CGA 133205 were compared against surface-sterilization and Captan-treatments. Bentazon was aryl hydroxylated in both in vivo and in vitro studies with the hydroxylated derivative undergoing glycosylation only under in vivo conditions. Both shoots and microsomes isolated from shoots of safener-treated seed showed enhanced metabolism of bentazon relative to the controls. In­ hibition by tetcyclacis, a potent inhibitor of plant cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, in both the in vivo and in vitro studies, and a requirement for NADPH in the in vitro studies suggested that the formation of hydroxybentazon was mediated by a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase. Metolachlor was metabolized to polar material and O-desmethylmetolachlor under in vivo conditions. Only the demethylated product was formed in vitro. Shoots isolated from safener-treated seed showed enhanced formation of polar com pounds which were assumed to have arisen from conjugation with glutathione. Tetcyclacis did not affect the formation of the polar components. However, the formation of O-desmethylmetolachlor was depressed in the shoots excised from safener-treated seed under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. Tetcyclacis completely prevented formation of the demethylated metabolite. Hence, formation of this meta­bolite is considered to be P-450 mediated. The differential response obtained with the safeners, i.e., stimulation of aryl hydroxylation of bentazon and depression of metolachlor demethylation, suggests that the reactions are probably catalyzed by different cytochrome P-450 mono­oxygenases.

Naphthalic Anhydride Induces Imazethapyr Metabolism and Cytochrome P-450 Activity in Maize

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 897-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barrett ◽  
Julie M. Maxson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Maize Seed ◽  
Untreated Seed ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Herbicide Safener ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

Abstract Naphthalic anhydride is a seed-applied herbicide safener which reduces the toxicity of ima­zethapyr, an imidazolinone herbicide, to maize (Zea mays L.). Protection of maize from ima­zethapyr was dependent on the amount of naphthalic anhydride applied to the seed. Metabo­lism of imazethapyr by maize roots and shoots was increased by exposure of the roots to a solution containing naphthalic anhydride. Increased imazethapyr metabolism due to naph­thalic anhydride treatment of roots was observed within 4 h following safener exposure. Nitro­gen, carbon monoxide and tetcyclacis inhibited imazethapyr metabolism in maize coleoptiles grown from naphthalic anhydride treated seed. This suggests that imazethapyr is metabolized by a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase.Naphthalic anhydride application to maize seed increased the level of cytochrome P-450 in the seedling shoots. Microsomes isolated from coleoptiles grown from naphthalic anhydride treated seed, but not untreated seed, converted bentazon to hydroxy-bentazon but did not me­ tabolize imazethapyr. Protection of maize from imazethapyr damage by naphthalic anhydride is due to a safener-induced higher rate of imazethapyr metabolism associated with elevated cytochrome P-450 levels. However, this was not demonstrated in vitro for imazethapyr.

Nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, and bentazon hydroxylation by corn (Zea mays), woolly cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa), and shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) cytochrome P-450

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. R. Hinz ◽  
Micheal D. K. Owen ◽  
Michael Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Untreated Seed ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Woolly Cupgrass ◽  
Species Tolerance ◽  
Eriochloa Villosa ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

Microsomes (100,000 g pellet containing mixed membrane fractions but primarily endoplasmic reticulum) were isolated from shoots of corn, shattercane, and woolly cupgrass grown from naphthalic anhydride treated or untreated seed to determine if metabolism of bentazon, nicosulfuron, and primisulfuron could be demonstrated in the preparations. Corn is tolerant of all three herbicides, shattercane is tolerant of bentazon, and woolly cupgrass is tolerant of bentazon and primisulfuron. Naphthalic anhydride treatment was required for detectable bentazon, nicosulfuron, and primisulfuron hydroxylation in corn microsomes and for bentazon hydroxylation in woolly cupgrass microsomes. Bentazon hydroxylation was low, but detectable, in microsomes from shattercane shoots without naphthalic anhydride treatment. Naphthalic anhydride-treated corn microsomes hydroxylated 292, 120, and 52 pmol mg−1protein min−1of bentazon, nicosulfuron, and primisulfuron, respectively. Primisulfuron (19 pmol mg−1protein min−1), but not nicosulfuron, was hydroxylated in woolly cupgrass microsomes. Neither nicosulfuron nor primisulfuron was hydroxylated in shattercane microsomes. Bentazon and primisulfuron inhibited nicosulfuron hydroxylation in corn microsomes. Bentazon, but not nicosulfuron, also inhibited primisulfuron hydroxylation in the corn microsomes. This indicates that the three herbicides can interact at the same cytochrome P-450(s) in corn. Primisulfuron hydroxylation was not inhibited by either bentazon or nicosulfuron in woolly cupgrass microsomes. This suggests that the cytochrome P-450(s) for primisulfuron hydroxylation are different between corn and woolly cupgrass. Also, bentazon hydroxylation in corn and shattercane microsomes was inhibited by the cytochrome P-450 inhibitor tetcyclasis, while that in woolly cupgrass was not. Again, this suggests a difference in the cytochrome P-450(s) responsible for bentazon metabolism among the species. Although absolute conclusions comparing in vitro microsomal activities to whole plant herbicide tolerance cannot be made because it is unknown whether the same cytochrome P-450(s) are studied in microsomes from naphthalic anhydride-treated tissue as are responsible for in vivo herbicide metabolism, there was a broad correlation between metabolism of a particular herbicide in microsomes of a species and the species' tolerance of that herbicide.

The Venom of the Boomslang (Dispholidus Typus): In Vivo and in Vitro Studies

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 234-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Mackay ◽  
J.C Ferguson ◽  
Antonia Bagshawe ◽  
A.T.T Forrester ◽  
G.P Mcnicol
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Studies

SummaryAn account is given of the effects of boomslang venom in man. Evidence was found of a fibrinolytic state apparently secondary to the coagulant action of the venom. These features rapidly responded to the administration of specific antivenom. In vitro studies, using a homogenate of boomslang parotids, confirmed the coagulant properties of the venom and showed them to be of much greater potency than the proteolytic actions.

Effect of X-irradiation on gene expression of rat liver chemokines: in vivo and in vitro studies

2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Moriconi ◽  
H Christiansen ◽  
H Christiansen ◽  
N Sheikh ◽  
J Dudas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
X Irradiation

Ciamexon in low-dose streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus. In vivo and in vitro studies

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S120-S121
Author(s):  
TH. LINN ◽  
H. GERMANN ◽  
B. HERING ◽  
R. BRETZEL ◽  
K. FEDERLIN
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes

Delayed hypersensitivity to tetanus toxoid in man: in vivo and in vitro studies

Pathology ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Johnson ◽  
R.S. Walls ◽  
A. Ruwoldt
Keyword(s):  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity

Transplantation of Adipose-derived Cells for Periodontal Regeneration: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 504-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilcele Silva Moreira Dziedzic ◽  
Bassam Felipe Mogharbel ◽  
Priscila Elias Ferreira ◽  
Ana Carolina Irioda ◽  
Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Periodontal Regeneration ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Cell Sources ◽  
Study Designs

This systematic review evaluated the transplantation of cells derived from adipose tissue for applications in dentistry. SCOPUS, PUBMED and LILACS databases were searched for in vitro studies and pre-clinical animal model studies using the keywords “ADIPOSE”, “CELLS”, and “PERIODONTAL”, with the Boolean operator “AND”. A total of 160 titles and abstracts were identified, and 29 publications met the inclusion criteria, 14 in vitro and 15 in vivo studies. In vitro studies demonstrated that adipose- derived cells stimulate neovascularization, have osteogenic and odontogenic potential; besides adhesion, proliferation and differentiation on probable cell carriers. Preclinical studies described improvement of bone and periodontal healing with the association of adipose-derived cells and the carrier materials tested: Platelet Rich Plasma, Fibrin, Collagen and Synthetic polymer. There is evidence from the current in vitro and in vivo data indicating that adipose-derived cells may contribute to bone and periodontal regeneration. The small quantity of studies and the large variation on study designs, from animal models, cell sources and defect morphology, did not favor a meta-analysis. Additional studies need to be conducted to investigate the regeneration variability and the mechanisms of cell participation in the processes. An overview of animal models, cell sources, and scaffolds, as well as new perspectives are provided for future bone and periodontal regeneration study designs.

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