tetanus toxoid
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Author(s):  
Kazem Ghaffari ◽  
Simin Sarlak ◽  
Abdorrahim Absalan ◽  
Roghayeh Rahimi Afzal ◽  
Aygin Eghbali ◽  
...  

Backgrounds: Epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation plays a major role in chromatin organization Background: Chemotherapy suppresses immunoglobulin production as a result of cell toxicity. Decreased immunoglobulin levels can result in the onset of opportunistic infections. The aim of the current study is to compare the immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels of the selected vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) before and six months after chemotherapy in a group of Iranian children with malignancies. Materials and Methods: In this interventional study, serum levels of Rubella, Diphtheria toxin, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Tetanus Toxoid, Mumps, and Measles IgG were measured in 30 children with malignancy and previously vaccinated for these diseases. Six months after chemotherapy, serum IgG levels were reassessed and compared with their corresponding pre-chemotherapy levels. Results: In this study, 17 (56.7%) male and 13 (43.3%) female were included. The mean age was 7.69±3.09 years. After chemotherapy, Rubella IgG levels dropped from 73.88±85.11 to 56.59±72.84 IU/mL (P<0.05; r= 0.956; 33.4% become serum negative (SN)). Diphtheria toxin IgG was diminished from 0.683±0.454 to 0.174±0.248 IU/mL (P<0.05; r=0.601; 26.7% SN). Anti-HBV IgG showed a reduction from 46.26±101.56 to 25.56±80.49 IU/mL (p<0.05; r= 0.524; 60% SN) and Anti-Tetanus Toxoid IgG fell down from 1.031±0.582 to 0.321±0.408 IU/mL (p<0.05; r= 0.365; 33.4% SN). Anti-Measles and Anti-Mumps IgGs showed no significant change (p>0.05). Conclusion: Pediatric chemotherapy was associated with dropped serum IgG levels of most VPDs. A good correlation was also observed between serum levels of IgG before and six months after chemotherapy. Revaccination of children with malignancies may be necessary upon declined serum IgG titers.


2022 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 205031212110659
Author(s):  
Amadou Barrow ◽  
Sulayman Barrow ◽  
Amienatta Jobe

Objectives: The study examined the differentials in prevalence and correlates on the uptake of tetanus toxoid and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria among pregnant women in The Gambia. Methods: The 2018 data from The Gambia Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey were analyzed. Data from 6143 women of reproductive age who have given birth were extracted for the analysis. Percentages and Chi-square tests were used. In addition, a multivariable logistic regression model was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (with a corresponding 95% confidence interval). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of tetanus toxoid uptake among women in The Gambia was 88.2%, while that of the adequate tetanus toxoid doses was 34.8%. The prevalence of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine uptake among maternal women in The Gambia was 98.6%, while that of the adequate intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine doses taken was 34.3%. The identified statistically significant covariates of tetanus toxoid immunization and intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine uptake includes women’s age, local government areas, parity, use of radio, use of newspaper, and antenatal care visits. Conclusion: The current utilization rate for adequate intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and tetanus toxoid immunization during pregnancy in The Gambia is very low and even below universal levels. The country needs to strengthen more and effective mass media advocacy programs that would target both rural and urban populace, and motivate maternal women to ensure adequate vaccination against malaria and tetanus.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Prygiel ◽  
Ewa Mosiej ◽  
Paulina Górska ◽  
Aleksandra A Zasada

The diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP) vaccine can prevent diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. The component antigens of the DTP vaccine had long been monovalent vaccines. The pertussis vaccine was licensed in 1914. The same year, the mixtures of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin were put into use. In 1926, alum-precipitated diphtheria toxoid was registered, and in 1937 adsorbed tetanus toxoid was put on the market. The development of numerous effective DTP vaccines quickly stimulated efforts to combine DTP with other routine vaccines for infants. This overview covers the most important information regarding the invention of DTP vaccines, their modifications and the needs that should be focused on in the future.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Wilda Nur Azizah ◽  
Shanti Ariandini ◽  
Annisa Fitri Rahmadini

Cakupan imunisasi TT di Indonesia masih tergolong cukup rendah, ini dapat dilihat dengan jumlah ibu hamil sebanyak 5.290.235 yang melakukan TT1 sebanyak 1.239.173 (23,4%) dan untuk TT2 sebanyak 1.155.907 (21,8%). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Hubungan paritas dan pengetahuan tentang imunisasi Tetanus Toxoid dengan kelengkapan imunisasi Tetanus Toxoid pada ibu hamil trimester III di BPM Ida Ningsih Tahun 2021. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik dengan desain pendekatan Cross-sectional, kemudian data diolah dengan menggunakan uji chi square. Populasi ibu hamil yang melakukan imunisasi TT di BPM Ida Ningsih Tahun 2021 sebanyak 107 ibu hamil yang diberikan imunisasi TT 1 sebanyak (36.2 %) ibu hamil dan TT 2 sebanyak (26,9%). Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 84 orang responden. Hasil uji statistik diperoleh nilai p value = 0,002 (p<α) maka dapat disimpulkan adanya hubungan antara Paritas dengan Kelengkapan Imunisasi Tetanus Toxoid, dan diperoleh nilai p value = 0,006 (p<α) maka dapat disimpulkan adanya hubungan antara Pengetahuan Tentang Imunisasi Tetanus Toxoid dengan Kelengkapan Imunisasi Tetanus Toxoid pada Ibu Hamil Trimester III di BPM Ida Ningsih Tahun 2021. Saran dalam penelitian ini adalah hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai bahan informasi dan masukan bagi petugas kesehatan dalam memberikan penyuluhan di BPM Ida Ningsih Tahun 2021.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jemberu Nigussie ◽  
Bekahegn Girma ◽  
Alemayehu Molla ◽  
Moges Mareg

Background. Tetanus is a bacterial disease caused by the Clostridium tetani, which is a highly fatal, noncommunicable, and toxin-mediated disease. Globally, maternal and neonatal tetanus is a public health problem due to low maternal tetanus toxoid immunization. Ethiopia has the highest neonatal mortality and morbidity related to tetanus due to low tetanus toxoid immunization and the high number of home deliveries. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the pooled coverage of at least two doses of tetanus toxoid immunization, and the pooled effect sizes of associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods. Primary studies for this review were searched from the PubMed/MEDLINE online, ScienceDirect, Hinari, Google, and Google Scholar databases. Primary articles published from 2010 up to August 30, 2020, were included in this meta-analysis. Data were extracted in Microsoft Excel format and exported to STATA Version 14.0. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled coverage of two or more tetanus toxoid immunizations and its associated factors. Heterogeneity was evaluated by the I 2 test. Egger’s weighted regression test was used to assess publication bias. Results. We retrieved 212 records; of these, 199 articles were excluded for reasons. Finally, 14 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of receiving at least two doses of tetanus toxoid immunization coverage in Ethiopia was 52.2% (95% CI: 42.47-61.93, I 2 = 98.4 % ). Antenatal care ( OR = 7.8 (95% CI: 3.2, 19.2), I 2 = 96.3 % ), media exposure ( OR = 8.3 (95% CI: 2.1, 33.3), I 2 = 98.1 % ), distance from the health facility ( OR = 2.64 (95% CI: 1.1, 6.6), I 2 = 94.1 % ), educational status of women ( OR = 4.7 (95% CI: 2.07, 9.56), I 2 = 94.2 % ), and educational status of husbands ( OR = 2.995 (95% CI: 1.194, 7.512), I 2 = 92.5 % ) were factors significantly associated with receiving at least two doses of tetanus toxoid immunization coverage in Ethiopia. Conclusions. The coverage of tetanus toxoid immunization among childbearing women was low in Ethiopia. Strengthening maternal health service utilization (antinatal care and institutional delivery) to the nearest health facility even in health posts and empowering education for both women and their husbands is recommended to increase tetanus toxoid immunization coverage in Ethiopia.


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