scholarly journals Different Inhibitory Interneuron Cell Classes Make Distinct Contributions to Visual Contrast Perception

eNeuro ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. ENEURO.0337-18.2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson J. Cone ◽  
Megan D. Scantlen ◽  
Mark H. Histed ◽  
John H. R. Maunsell
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson J. Cone ◽  
Megan D. Scantlen ◽  
Mark H. Histed ◽  
John H.R. Maunsell

SummaryWhile recent work has revealed how different inhibitory interneurons influence cortical responses to sensory stimuli, little is known about how their activity contributes to sensory perception. Here, we optogenetically stimulated different genetically defined interneurons (parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)) in visual cortex (V1) of mice working at threshold in contrast increment or decrement detection tasks. The visual stimulus was paired with optogenetic stimulation to assess how enhancing V1 inhibitory neuron activity synchronously during cortical responses altered task performance. PV or SST activation impaired, while VIP stimulation improved, contrast increment detection. Notably, PV or SST stimulation also impaired contrast decrement detection, when opsin-evoked inhibition would exaggerate stimulus-evoked decrements in firing rate, and thus might improve performance. The impairment produced by PV or SST stimulation persisted throughout many weeks of testing. In contrast mice learned to reliably detect VIP activation in the absence of natural visual stimulation. Thus, different inhibitory signals make distinct contributions to visual contrast perception.


2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Laretzaki ◽  
S. Plainis ◽  
S. Argyropoulos ◽  
IG Pallikaris ◽  
P. Bitsios

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viljami Salmela ◽  
Lumikukka Socada ◽  
John Söderholm ◽  
Roope Heikkilä ◽  
Jari Lahti ◽  
...  

Background: Previous studies have suggested that processing of visual contrast information could be altered in major depressive disorder. To clarify the changes at different levels of the visual hierarchy, we behaviourally measured contrast perception in 2 centre-surround conditions, assessing retinal and cortical processing. Methods: As part of a prospective cohort study, our sample consisted of controls (n = 29; 21 female) and patients with unipolar depression, bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder who had baseline major depressive episodes (n = 111; 74 female). In a brightness induction test that assessed retinal processing, participants compared the perceived luminance of uniform patches (presented on a computer screen) as the luminance of the backgrounds was varied. In a contrast suppression test that assessed cortical processing, participants compared the perceived contrast of gratings, which were presented with collinearly or orthogonally oriented backgrounds. Results: Brightness induction was similar for patients with major depressive episodes and controls (p = 0.60, d = 0.115, Bayes factor = 3.9), but contrast suppression was significantly lower for patients than for controls (p < 0.006, d = 0.663, Bayes factor = 35.2). We observed no statistically significant associations between contrast suppression and age, sex, or medication or diagnostic subgroup. At follow-up (n = 74), we observed some normalization of contrast perception. Limitations: We assessed contrast perception using behavioural tests instead of electrophysiology. Conclusion: The reduced contrast suppression we observed may have been caused by decreased retinal feedforward or cortical feedback signals. Because we observed intact brightness induction, our results suggest normal retinal but altered cortical processing of visual contrast during a major depressive episode. This alteration is likely to be present in multiple types of depression and to partially normalize upon remission.


2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (16) ◽  
pp. 3527-3537 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-P. Schallmo ◽  
S. R. Sponheim ◽  
C. A. Olman

Background.The salience of a visual stimulus is often reduced by nearby stimuli, an effect known as surround suppression of perceived contrast, which may help in locating the borders of an object. Weaker surround suppression has been observed in schizophrenia but it is unclear whether this abnormality is present in other mental disorders with similar symptomatology, or is evident in people with genetic liability for schizophrenia.Method.By examining surround suppression among subjects with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder, their unaffected biological relatives and healthy controls we sought to determine whether diminished surround suppression was specific to schizophrenia, and if subjects with a genetic risk for either disorder would show similar deficits. Measuring perceived contrast in different surround conditions also allowed us to investigate how this suppression depends on the similarity of target and surrounding stimuli.Results.Surround suppression was weaker among schizophrenia patients regardless of surround configuration. Subjects with bipolar affective disorder showed an intermediate deficit, with stronger suppression than in schizophrenia but weaker than control subjects. Surround suppression was normal in relatives of both patient groups. Findings support a deficit in broadly tuned (rather than sharply orientation- or direction-selective) suppression mechanisms.Conclusions.Weak broadly tuned suppression during visual perception is evident in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder, consistent with impaired gain control related to the clinical expression of these conditions.


2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S339-S339
Author(s):  
Michael-Paul Schallmo ◽  
Andrea Grant ◽  
Malgorzata Marjanska ◽  
Cheryl Olman ◽  
Scott Sponheim

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozan E. Eren ◽  
Andreas Straube ◽  
Florian Schöberl ◽  
Ruth Ruscheweyh ◽  
Thomas Eggert ◽  
...  

Abstract Objective Patients with visual snow syndrome (VSS) suffer from a debilitating continuous (“TV noise-like”) visual disturbance. They report problems with vision at night and palinopsia despite normal visual acuity. The underlying pathophysiology of VSS is largely unknown. Currently, it is a clinical diagnosis based on the patient’s history, an objective test is not available. Here, we tested the hypothesis that patients with VSS have an increased threshold for detecting visual contrasts at particular temporal frequencies by measuring dynamic contrast detection-thresholds. Methods Twenty patients with VSS were compared to age-, gender-, migraine- and aura-matched controls in this case-control study. Subjects were shown bars randomly tilted to the left or right, flickering at six different frequencies (15 Hz, 20 Hz, 25 Hz, 30 Hz, 35 Hz, 40 Hz). The contrast threshold (CT) for detection of left or right tilt was measured in a two-alternative adaptive forced-choice procedure (QUEST). The threshold was defined as the Michelson contrast necessary to achieve the correct response in 75% of the cases. Results The CT increased for higher flicker frequencies (ANOVA: main effect frequency: F (5,180) = 942; p < 0.001), with an additional significant frequency*diagnosis interaction (ANOVA: F (5,180) = 5.00; p < 0.001). This interaction effect was due to an increased CT at a flicker frequency of 15 Hz in the VSS cohort (VSS: MC = 1.17%; controls: MC = 0.77%). At the other frequencies, group comparisons revealed no differences. Furthermore, in the VSS cohort we observed an increase of CT with higher age (r = 0.69; p < 0.001), which was not seen in controls (r = 0.30; p = 0.20). Conclusions This study demonstrates a lower visual contrast sensitivity exclusively at 15 Hz in VSS patients and demonstrates frequency-dependent differences in dynamic contrast vision. The peak sensitivities of both parvo- and magnocellular visual pathways are close to a frequency of about 10 Hz. Therefore, this frequency seems to be of crucial importance in everyday life. Thus, it seems plausible that the impairment of contrast sensitivity at 15 Hz might be an important pathophysiological correlate of VSS. Furthermore, the overall age-related decrease in contrast sensitivity only in VSS patients underscores the vulnerability of dynamic contrast detection in VSS patients. Dynamic CT detection seems to be a promising neurophysiological test that may contribute to the diagnosis of VSS.


2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Behrens ◽  
M.C. Olma ◽  
A. Kraft ◽  
K. Irlbacher ◽  
S.A. Brandt

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
Michael-Paul Schallmo ◽  
Hannah R. Moser ◽  
Caroline Demro ◽  
Malgorzata Marjanska ◽  
Scott R. Sponheim

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