scholarly journals Reduced visual contrast suppression during major depressive episodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viljami Salmela ◽  
Lumikukka Socada ◽  
John Söderholm ◽  
Roope Heikkilä ◽  
Jari Lahti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayes Factor ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Cortical Processing ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Visual Contrast ◽  
Contrast Information ◽  
Behavioural Tests ◽  
Contrast Perception ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Background: Previous studies have suggested that processing of visual contrast information could be altered in major depressive disorder. To clarify the changes at different levels of the visual hierarchy, we behaviourally measured contrast perception in 2 centre-surround conditions, assessing retinal and cortical processing. Methods: As part of a prospective cohort study, our sample consisted of controls (n = 29; 21 female) and patients with unipolar depression, bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder who had baseline major depressive episodes (n = 111; 74 female). In a brightness induction test that assessed retinal processing, participants compared the perceived luminance of uniform patches (presented on a computer screen) as the luminance of the backgrounds was varied. In a contrast suppression test that assessed cortical processing, participants compared the perceived contrast of gratings, which were presented with collinearly or orthogonally oriented backgrounds. Results: Brightness induction was similar for patients with major depressive episodes and controls (p = 0.60, d = 0.115, Bayes factor = 3.9), but contrast suppression was significantly lower for patients than for controls (p < 0.006, d = 0.663, Bayes factor = 35.2). We observed no statistically significant associations between contrast suppression and age, sex, or medication or diagnostic subgroup. At follow-up (n = 74), we observed some normalization of contrast perception. Limitations: We assessed contrast perception using behavioural tests instead of electrophysiology. Conclusion: The reduced contrast suppression we observed may have been caused by decreased retinal feedforward or cortical feedback signals. Because we observed intact brightness induction, our results suggest normal retinal but altered cortical processing of visual contrast during a major depressive episode. This alteration is likely to be present in multiple types of depression and to partially normalize upon remission.

What is the role of conventional antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive episodes with Mixed Features Specifier?

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianni L. Faedda ◽  
Ciro Marangoni
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Mixed Features ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

The newly introduced Mixed Features Specifier of Major Depressive Episode and Disorder (MDE/MDD) is especially challenging in terms of pharmacological management. Prior to the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, the symptoms of the mixed features specifier were intradepressive hypomanic symptoms, always and only associated with bipolar disorder (BD).Intradepressive hypomanic symptoms, mostly referred to as depressive mixed states (DMX), have been poorly characterized, and their treatment offers significant challenges. To understand the diagnostic context of DMX, we trace the nosological changes and collocation of intradepressive hypomanic symptoms, and examine diagnostic and prognostic implications of such mixed features.One of the reasons so little is known about the treatment of DMX is that depressed patients with rapid cycling, substance abuse disorder, and suicidal ideation/attempts are routinely excluded from clinical trials of antidepressants. The exclusion of DMX patients from clinical trials has prevented an assessment of the safety and tolerability of short- and long-term use of antidepressants. Therefore, the generalization of data obtained in clinical trials for unipolar depression to patients with intradepressive hypomanic features is inappropriate and methodologically flawed.A selective review of the literature shows that antidepressants alone have limited efficacy in DMX, but they have the potential to induce, maintain, or worsen mixed features during depressive episodes in BD. On the other hand, preliminary evidence supports the effective use of some atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of DMX.

Sensitivity and specificity of the Italian version of the bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale. Different scores in distinct populations with unipolar depression

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S333-S333
Author(s):  
D. Piacentino ◽  
P. Girardi ◽  
K.G.D. Md ◽  
L. Sanna ◽  
I. Pacchiarotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

IntroductionTo date, the proposition of recurrence as a subclinical bipolar disorder feature has not received adequate testing.Objectives/AimsWe used the Italian version of the bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale (BSDS), a self-rated questionnaire of bipolar risk, in a sample of patients with mood disorders to test its specificity and sensitivity in identifying cases and discriminating between high risk for bipolar disorder major depressive patients (HRU) and low risk (LRU) adopting as a high recurrence cut-off five or more lifetime major depressive episodes.MethodsWe included 115 patients with DSM-5 bipolar disorder (69 type I, 41 type II, and 5 NOS) and 58 with major depressive disorder (29 HRU and 29 LRU, based on the recurrence criterion). Patients filled-out the Italian version of the BSDS, which is currently undergoing a validation process.ResultsThe BSDS, adopting a threshold of 14, had 84% sensitivity and 76% specificity. HRU, as predicted, scored on the BSDS intermediate between LRU and bipolar disorder. Clinical characteristics of HRU were more similar to bipolar disorder than to LRU; HRU, like bipolar disorder patients, had more lifetime hospitalizations, higher suicidal ideation and attempt numbers, and higher rates of family history of suicide.ConclusionsThe BSDS showed satisfactory sensitivity and sensitivity. Splitting the unipolar sample into HRU and LRU, on the basis of the at least 5 lifetime major depressive episodes criterion, yielded distinct unipolar subpopulations that differ on outcome measures and BSDS scores.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Major Depressive Episodes and Employment Earnings Trajectories over the Following Decade among Working-aged Canadian Men and Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Kathleen G. Dobson ◽  
Simone N. Vigod ◽  
Cameron Mustard ◽  
Peter M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

scholarly journals Diagnosing and Treating Major Depressive Episodes that Lie Along the Mood Disorders Spectrum: Focus on Depression with Mixed Features

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Susan L. McElroy ◽  
Anna I. Guerdjikova ◽  
Francisco Romo-Nava
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Mixed Features ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Clarifying the Role of Psychological Pain in the Risks of Suicidal Ideation and Suicidal Acts among Patients with Major Depressive Episodes

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanhuan Li ◽  
Weizhen Xie ◽  
Xinwei Luo ◽  
Rong Fu ◽  
Chuan Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Psychological Pain ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

A double-blind comparative study of sertraline and amitriptyline in outpatients with major depressive episodes

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bersani ◽  
V. Rapisarda ◽  
N. Ciani ◽  
A. Bertolino ◽  
G. Sorge
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

scholarly journals PMH32 Cost-Effectiveness of Agomelatine in the Treatment of Major Depressive Episodes in Thailand

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. A292
Author(s):  
B. Prukkanone ◽  
T. Kongsuk
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Successful treatment for major depressive episodes

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshelle Thobaben
Keyword(s):  
Successful Treatment ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes
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