Production of Crucible Steel by Co-Fusion: Archaeometallurgical Evidence from the Ninth-Early Tenth Century at the Site of Merv, Turkmenistan

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Feuerbach ◽  
John F. Merkel ◽  
Dafydd R. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Crucible Steel ◽  
Produce Steel ◽  
Early Islamic

ABSTRACTVarious methods were used to produce steel in early Islamic times. According to early Islamic texts, three methods are described for indirect production of steel (fuladh). The methods are solid-state carburization of wrought iron, partial decarburization of cast iron or a high carbon steel, and co-fusion of cast iron with wrought iron. Evidence from a metallurgical workshop at Merv, dated to the ninth-early tenth century A.D., provides an illustration of the co-fusion method of steel production in crucibles. The primary investigations of the crucibles are presented. The crucible slag was found to contain droplets of cast iron and steel and the crucible fabric contains mullite.

Crucible Steel in South India-Preliminary Investigations on Crucibles from Some Newly Identified Sites

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharada Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Metal Mining ◽  
Hypereutectoid Steel ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Crucible Steel

ABSTRACTEuropean accounts from the 17th century onwards have referred to the repute and manufacture of “wootz’, a traditional crucible steel made especially in parts of southern India in the former provinces of Golconda, Mysore and Salem. Pliny's Natural History mentions the import of iron and steel from the Seres which have been thought to refer to the ancient southern Indian kingdom of the Cheras. As yet the scale of excavations and surface surveys is too limited to link the literary accounts to archaeometallurgical evidence, although pioneering exploratory investigations have been made by scholars, especially on the pre-industrial production sites of Konasamudram and Gatihosahalli discussed in 18th-19th century European accounts. In 1991–2 during preliminary surveys of ancient base metal mining sites, Srinivasan came across unreported dumps with crucible fragments at Mel-Siruvalur in Tamil Nadu, and Tintini and Machnur in Karnataka and she collected surface specimens from these sites as well as from the known site of Gatihosahalli. She was also given crucible fragments by the Tamil University, Tanjavur, from an excavated megalithic site at Kodumanal, dated to ca 2nd c. Bc, mentioned in Tamil Sangam literature (ca 3rd c. BC-3rd c. AD), and very near Karur, the ancient capital of the Sangam Cheras. Analyses of crucible fragments from the surface collection at Mel-Siruvalur showed several iron prills with a uniform pearlitic structure of high-carbon hypereutectoid steel (∼1–1.5% C) suggesting that the end product was uniformly a high-carbon steel of a structure consistent with those of high-carbon steels used successfully to experimentally replicate the watered steel patterns on ‘Damascus’ swords. Investigations indicate that the process was of carburisation of molten low carbon iron (m.p. 1400° C) in crucibles packed with carbonaceous matter. The fabric of crucibles from all the above mentioned sites appears similar. Preliminary investigations on these crucibles are thus reported to establish their relationship to crucible production of carbon steel and to thereby extend the known horizons of this technology further.

High carbon steel production on the BOF

JOM ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
Dan Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
High Carbon

scholarly journals I. Magnetisation of iron

1885 ◽  
Vol 38 (235-238) ◽  
pp. 265-265
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Manganese Steel ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Absolute Measure ◽  
Malleable Cast ◽  
Very High ◽  
Manganese Chromium

The paper contains an account of the results of experiments which have been made on a considerable number of samples of iron and steel of known composition, including samples of cast iron, malleable cast iron, wrought iron, ordinary steels, manganese, chromium, tungsten, and silicon steels. The electrical resistance and the magnetic properties are determined in absolute measure. Amongst the electrical resistances the most noteworthy fact is the very high resistance of cast iron, as much as ten times that of wrought iron. The fact that manganese steel is almost non-magnetic is verified, and its actual permeability measured. The action of manganese appears to be to reduce the maximum magnetisation of steel, and in a still greater ratio the residual magnetism, but not to affect the coercive force materially. It is shown that the observed permeability of manganese steel containing 12 per cent, of manganese would be accounted for by assuming that this alloy consists of a perfectly non-magnetic material, in which are scattered about one-tenth part of isolated particles of pure iron. Some practical applications of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Rapidly Solidified Cast Iron and High Carbon Steel

1986 ◽  
Vol 72 (16) ◽  
pp. 2240-2247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chisato YOSHIDA ◽  
Kazuyuki TANIGUCHI ◽  
Tomokazu NAKAGAWA ◽  
Masatoshi SUDO ◽  
Teruhiko NOZAKI
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Rapidly Solidified

Dephosphorization by Slag Pour out in the Smelting for High Carbon 70 Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 750-752 ◽  
pp. 462-466
Author(s):  
Yong Bei Liu ◽  
Jin Zhu Zhang ◽  
Yong Lin Liu ◽  
Chang Yi Gao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Chemical Equation ◽  
Double Slag

Dephosphorization is one of key goals for converter to smelt high carbon steel. The chemical equation of dephosphorization reaction and the expression of phosphors distribution between slag and steel were deduced on fundamental of metallurgical thermodynamics and the steelmaking situation of Shougang Shuicheng Iron and Steel (Group) Co. Ltd. The rerults showed that the dephosphorus capcaty of slag increases with the increase of the content of FeO in slag, but decreases with the increase of temperature. Compared with the single slag operation, the total weight of slag met the dephosphorus requirement by the double slag process for high carbon 70 steel in 100t convert can be decreased to 80%.

XXVIII.—On the Friction at the Extremities of a Short Bar subjected to a Crushing Load, and its Influence upon the Apparent Compressive Strength of the Material

1909 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 432-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Gulliver
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Crushing Strength ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Steel 20

SummaryThe effect of the friction of the crushing plates upon the yield point of short compression specimens has been investigated.With plates harder than the material under test, the end friction causes an increase in the apparent yield point. This increase is calculated as 18 per cent. for wrought iron and mild steel, 20 per cent. for cast iron, and 50 to 200 per cent. for stones, bricks, and concrete. These figures, except the first, may apply almost equally well to the crushing strength, but they require experimental support. The corresponding inclinations of the surfaces of shearing are 37° for wrought iron and steel, 36° for cast iron, and 27° to 15° for stones, etc. The first value is seldom obtained, but the others agree fairly well with average experimental results.When the crushing plates are of material softer than that under test, the lateral flow of the former diminishes the apparent strength of the specimen. With stones crushed between lead plates the strength is calculated as 0·35 to 0·15 of that obtained when iron or steel plates are employed. Experiments give 0·65 to 0·43 as the value of this ratio, but the specimens do not rupture by shearing in the manner contemplated.The total crushing load of a short specimen of cast iron is increased by diminishing the length of the piece, but the crushing stress per unit of area is simultaneously decreased.

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