scholarly journals I. Magnetisation of iron

1885 ◽  
Vol 38 (235-238) ◽  
pp. 265-265
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Manganese Steel ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Absolute Measure ◽  
Malleable Cast ◽  
Very High ◽  
Manganese Chromium

The paper contains an account of the results of experiments which have been made on a considerable number of samples of iron and steel of known composition, including samples of cast iron, malleable cast iron, wrought iron, ordinary steels, manganese, chromium, tungsten, and silicon steels. The electrical resistance and the magnetic properties are determined in absolute measure. Amongst the electrical resistances the most noteworthy fact is the very high resistance of cast iron, as much as ten times that of wrought iron. The fact that manganese steel is almost non-magnetic is verified, and its actual permeability measured. The action of manganese appears to be to reduce the maximum magnetisation of steel, and in a still greater ratio the residual magnetism, but not to affect the coercive force materially. It is shown that the observed permeability of manganese steel containing 12 per cent, of manganese would be accounted for by assuming that this alloy consists of a perfectly non-magnetic material, in which are scattered about one-tenth part of isolated particles of pure iron. Some practical applications of the results are discussed.

XXVIII.—On the Friction at the Extremities of a Short Bar subjected to a Crushing Load, and its Influence upon the Apparent Compressive Strength of the Material

1909 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 432-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Gulliver
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Crushing Strength ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Steel 20

SummaryThe effect of the friction of the crushing plates upon the yield point of short compression specimens has been investigated.With plates harder than the material under test, the end friction causes an increase in the apparent yield point. This increase is calculated as 18 per cent. for wrought iron and mild steel, 20 per cent. for cast iron, and 50 to 200 per cent. for stones, bricks, and concrete. These figures, except the first, may apply almost equally well to the crushing strength, but they require experimental support. The corresponding inclinations of the surfaces of shearing are 37° for wrought iron and steel, 36° for cast iron, and 27° to 15° for stones, etc. The first value is seldom obtained, but the others agree fairly well with average experimental results.When the crushing plates are of material softer than that under test, the lateral flow of the former diminishes the apparent strength of the specimen. With stones crushed between lead plates the strength is calculated as 0·35 to 0·15 of that obtained when iron or steel plates are employed. Experiments give 0·65 to 0·43 as the value of this ratio, but the specimens do not rupture by shearing in the manner contemplated.The total crushing load of a short specimen of cast iron is increased by diminishing the length of the piece, but the crushing stress per unit of area is simultaneously decreased.

Production of Crucible Steel by Co-Fusion: Archaeometallurgical Evidence from the Ninth-Early Tenth Century at the Site of Merv, Turkmenistan

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Feuerbach ◽  
John F. Merkel ◽  
Dafydd R. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Crucible Steel ◽  
Produce Steel ◽  
Early Islamic

ABSTRACTVarious methods were used to produce steel in early Islamic times. According to early Islamic texts, three methods are described for indirect production of steel (fuladh). The methods are solid-state carburization of wrought iron, partial decarburization of cast iron or a high carbon steel, and co-fusion of cast iron with wrought iron. Evidence from a metallurgical workshop at Merv, dated to the ninth-early tenth century A.D., provides an illustration of the co-fusion method of steel production in crucibles. The primary investigations of the crucibles are presented. The crucible slag was found to contain droplets of cast iron and steel and the crucible fabric contains mullite.

scholarly journals I. On certain mechanical properties of metals, considered in relation to the periodic law

1888 ◽  
Vol 43 (258-265) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Submarine Cable ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Periodic Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Influence Of Impurities

The author points to the great industrial importance of the influence exerted by small quantities of metallic and other impurities on masses of metals in which they are hidden. He states that this is most marked in the case of iron, and that when Bergman discovered, in 1781, that the difference between wrought iron, steel, and cast iron depends on the presence or absence of a small amount of “graphite,” he was astonished at the smallness of the amount of matter which is capable of producing such singular changes in the properties of iron. The evidence as to the importance of small quantities of impurity is quite as strong in other directions at the present day, as is shown by the statement of Sir Hussey Vivian, that one-thousandth part of antimony converts “best select” copper into the worst conceivable, and by the assertion of Mr. Preece, that “a submarine cable made of the copper of to-day,” now that the necessity for employing pure copper is recognised, “will carry double the number of messages that a similar cable of copper would in 1858,” when the influence of impurities in increasing the electrical resistance of copper was not understood.

2. On the State of Carbon in Iron and Steel: a New Hypothesis of the Hardening of Steel

1882 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 368-370
Author(s):  
R. Sydney Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
The State ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Peculiar Property ◽  
New Hypothesis

This paper first treats of the composition and properties of the different kinds of iron, known as wrought iron, steel, and cast iron, and especially of the changes which steel undergoes on being heated to redness and then suddenly cooled by plunging it into water, mercury, or oil, and known as hardening; also of the peculiar property known as tempering, by which the hardness and brittleness can be removed.

XX. Experimental researches on the strength of pillars of cast iron, and other materials

1840 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 385-456 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Mechanical Philosophy ◽  
Crushing Force ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Full Investigation

When we consider to what extent pillars of iron and of timber are used for the support of building's, and reflect that there are no satisfactory rules by which to measure the strength of pillars, it becomes a matter of great importance to obtain such rules by means of experiment, and, if possible, to discover the laws on which they are founded. A feeling of this kind, heightened by the remarks of Dr. Robison, in his Mechanical Philosophy, and by the strongly-expressed opinion as to our want of such knowledge by Mr. Barlow, led me to wish to undertake the inquiry. I mentioned the matter, therefore, to my friend Mr. Fairrairn, who, with that liberality which I have experienced from him on former occasions, at once put every means of a full investigation into my hands. He expressed a wish that I should extend the inquiry to pillars of various kinds, ancient as well as modern; and leave no part of the subject in uncertainty for want of experiments sufficiently varied and extensive. Thus freed from restraint, I endeavoured, in my wish to acquire the requisite information, to forget the expense to which I put my friend, and have made every effort to render the experiments at least ample, correct, and useful. The pillars on which the experiments were made, were mostly of cast iron, as being the material in most general use; but some were of wrought iron and steel, and others of wood. In the earlier experiments, the pillars used were uniform cylinders, either with their ends rounded, so that the crushing force might pass through the axis, or with flat and parallel ends, so that the pillar, when placed between two perfectly parallel crushing surfaces, might have its ends completely bedded against them.

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