QuickStats: Age-Adjusted* Trends in the Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Among Adolescents and Adults Aged 14–49 Years — United States, 1999–2000 Through 2015–2016

Infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are a global health burden. Besides painful oral or genital lesions in otherwise healthy subjects, both viruses can cause devastating morbidity and mortality in immune-compromised and immune-immature individuals. The latter are particularly susceptible to a disseminated, life-threatening disease. Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) constitute a correlate of protection from disease, and are promising candidates for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of severe HSV infections. However, a clinical vaccine trial suggested that HSV-2 might be more resistant to NAbs than HSV-1. In the present study, we investigated the antiviral efficacy of the well-characterized humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) hu2c against HSV-2, in a NOD/SCID immunodeficiency mouse model. Despite the fact that hu2c recognizes a fully conserved epitope and binds HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoprotein B with equal affinity, it was much less effective against HSV-2 in vitro and in NOD/SCID mice. Although intravenous antibody treatment prolonged the survival of HSV-2-infected mice, complete protection from death was not achieved. Our data demonstrate that HSV-2 is more resistant to NAbs than HSV-1, even if the same antibody and antigen are concerned, making the development of a vaccine or therapeutic antibodies more challenging.

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Trends in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Seroprevalence in the United States

Yearbook of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery ◽

10.1016/s0093-3619(08)70435-0 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2007 ◽

pp. 142-143

Author(s):

B.H. Thiers

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Herpes Simplex Virus ◽

Herpes Simplex ◽

Virus Type ◽

Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽

The United States ◽

Simplex Virus

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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Infection Increases Atherosclerosis Risk: Evidence Based on a Meta-Analysis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/2630865 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yu peng Wu ◽

Dan dan Sun ◽

Yun Wang ◽

Wen Liu ◽

Jun Yang

Keyword(s):

Herpes Simplex Virus ◽

Herpes Simplex ◽

Virus Type ◽

Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽

Subgroup Analysis ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Simplex Virus ◽

Hsv 1

Objective.The aim of our study was to evaluate the relation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) infection with the risk of atherosclerosis (AS).Methods.A systematic literature search was performed through three electronic databases. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the effect of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection on AS risk.Results.17 studies were available for meta-analysis of HSV-1 infection and AS risk and seven studies for meta-analysis of HSV-2 infection and AS risk. Subjects exposed to HSV-1 infection exhibited an increased risk of AS (OR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.40–2.23;P<0.001). And consistent elevated AS risks for HSV-1 positive subjects were found in all subgroup analysis of disease type, region, male proportion, and age. HSV-2 positive subjects demonstrated significantly increased AS risk (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.13–1.67;P<0.005). In subgroup analysis, elevated AS risks were only observed in myocardial ischemia group, male proportion >60% group, and age ≤60-year-old group.Conclusion.Our meta-analysis indicated that HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection could increase the risk of contracting AS.

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The FIAU Derivative (2′S)-2′-Deoxy-2′-C-Methyl-5-Iodouridine (SMIU) is a Novel, Less Cytotoxic and Potent anti-HSV and anti-VZV Agent

Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1177/095632029600700406 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 209-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Kira ◽

H. Awano ◽

S. Shuto ◽

A. Matsuda ◽

M. Baba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Herpes Simplex Virus ◽

Herpes Simplex ◽

Virus Type ◽

Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽

Varicella Zoster ◽

Antiviral Activities ◽

Simplex Virus ◽

Hsv 1

In this study, the anti-herpetic activities of novel 2′-methyl nucleoside analogues which were substituted at the 5 position of the pyrimidine with a halogen were investigated. The 2′-fluoro-5-iodo-aracytosine (FIAC) congeners (2′S)-2′-deoxy-2′- C-methylcytidine which were substituted with Br or I at the 5 position (SMBC or SMIC); and 2′-fluoro-5-iodo-arauridine (FIAU) congeners (2′S)-2′-deoxy-2′-C-methyluridine which were substituted with Br or I at the 5 position (SMBU or SMIU), proved to have potent antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) but not against herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2). SMIU has a higher selective index against HSV-1 than FIAU, and both SMIC and SMIU showed higher inhibitory effects against VZV replication than aciclovir. The four effective compounds were not inhibitory to a thymidine kinase (TK)-negative HSV-1 strain, and this result indicates that phosphorylation of the compounds by HSV or VZV-TK is necessary for the activation of these compounds.

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Pharmacological Inhibition of IRE-1 Alpha Activity in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2-Infected Dendritic Cells Enhances T Cell Activation

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.764861 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Eduardo I. Tognarelli ◽

Angello Retamal-Díaz ◽

Mónica A. Farías ◽

Luisa F. Duarte ◽

Tomás F. Palomino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cells ◽

Herpes Simplex Virus ◽

Herpes Simplex ◽

T Cell ◽

Virus Type ◽

Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽

Simplex Virus ◽

Hsv 1

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) infections are life-long and highly prevalent in the human population. These viruses persist in the host, eliciting either symptomatic or asymptomatic infections that may occur sporadically or in a recurrent manner through viral reactivations. Clinical manifestations due to symptomatic infection may be mild such as orofacial lesions, but may also translate into more severe diseases, such as ocular infections that may lead to blindness and life-threatening encephalitis. A key feature of herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) is that they have evolved molecular determinants that hamper numerous components of the host’s antiviral innate and adaptive immune system. Importantly, HSVs infect and negatively modulate the function of dendritic cells (DCs), by inhibiting their T cell-activating capacity and eliciting their apoptosis after infection. Previously, we reported that HSV-2 activates the splicing of the mRNA of XBP1, which is related to the activity of the unfolded protein response (UPR) factor Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1 alpha (IRE-1α). Here, we sought to evaluate if the activation of the IRE-1α pathway in DCs upon HSV infection may be related to impaired DC function after infection with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of the endonuclease activity of IRE-1α in HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected DCs significantly reduced apoptosis in these cells and enhanced their capacity to migrate to lymph nodes and activate virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These findings suggest that the activation of the IRE-1α-dependent UPR pathway in HSV-infected DCs may play a significant role in the negative effects that these viruses exert over these cells and that the modulation of this signaling pathway may be relevant for enhancing the function of DCs upon infection with HSVs.

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