One of the fundamental problems in algebraic number theory is the construction of units in algebraic number fields. Various authors have considered number fields which are parametrized by an integer variable. They have described units in these fields by polynomial expressions in the variable e.g. the fields ℚ(√[N2 + 1]), Nεℤ, with the units εN = N + √[N2 + l]. We begin this article by formulating a general principle for obtaining units in algebraic function fields and candidates for units in parametrized families of algebraic number fields. We show that many of the cases considered previously in the literature by such authors as Bernstein [2], Neubrand [8], and Stender [ll] fall in under this principle. Often the results may be obtained much more easily than before. We then examine the connection between parametrized cubic fields and elliptic curves. In §4 we consider parametrized quadratic fields, a situation previously studied by Neubrand [8]. We conclude in §5 by examining the effect of parametrizing the torsion structure on an elliptic curve at the same time.
An Improvement of Twisted Ate Pairing with Barreto-Naehrig Curve by using Frobenius Mapping
