Molecular Evolution of Infectious Bronchitis Virus and the Emergence of Variant Viruses Circulating in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Jackwood ◽  
Brian J. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis

scholarly journals A Novel Mucosal Adjuvant System for Immunization against Avian Coronavirus Causing Infectious Bronchitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaswath S. Chandrasekar ◽  
Brock Kingstad-Bakke ◽  
Chia-Wei Wu ◽  
M. Suresh ◽  
Adel M. Talaat
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Live Vaccine ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Adjuvant System ◽  
Modified Live Vaccine

ABSTRACT Infectious bronchitis (IB) caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is currently a major threat to chicken health, with multiple outbreaks being reported in the United States over the past decade. Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines used in the field can persist and provide the genetic material needed for recombination and emergence of novel IBV serotypes. Inactivated and subunit vaccines overcome some of the limitations of MLV with no risk of virulence reversion and emergence of new virulent serotypes. However, these vaccines are weakly immunogenic and poorly protective. There is an urgent need to develop more effective vaccines that can elicit a robust, long-lasting immune response. In this study, we evaluate a novel adjuvant system developed from Quil-A and chitosan (QAC) for the intranasal delivery of nucleic acid immunogens to improve protective efficacy. The QAC adjuvant system forms nanocarriers (<100 nm) that efficiently encapsulate nucleic acid cargo, exhibit sustained release of payload, and can stably transfect cells. Encapsulation of plasmid DNA vaccine expressing IBV nucleocapsid (N) protein by the QAC adjuvant system (pQAC-N) enhanced immunogenicity, as evidenced by robust induction of adaptive humoral and cellular immune responses postvaccination and postchallenge. Birds immunized with pQAC-N showed reduced clinical severity and viral shedding postchallenge on par with protection observed with current commercial vaccines without the associated safety concerns. Presented results indicate that the QAC adjuvant system can offer a safer alternative to the use of live vaccines against avian and other emerging coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE According to 2017 U.S. agriculture statistics, the combined value of production and sales from broilers, eggs, turkeys, and chicks was $42.8 billion. Of this number, broiler sales comprised 67% of the industry value, with the production of >50 billion pounds of chicken meat. The economic success of the poultry industry in the United States hinges on the extensive use of vaccines to control infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and other poultry pathogens. The majority of vaccines currently licensed for poultry health include both modified live vaccine and inactivated pathogens. Despite their proven efficacy, modified live vaccine constructs take time to produce and could revert to virulence, which limits their safety. The significance of our research stems from the development of a safer and potent alternative mucosal vaccine to replace live vaccines against IBV and other emerging coronaviruses.

Infectious Bronchitis Virus Types: Incidence in the United States

1966 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Hitchner ◽  
R. W. Winterfield ◽  
G. S. Appleton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis

scholarly journals Development of a Dissemination Platform for Spatiotemporal and Phylogenetic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Jara ◽  
Rocio Crespo ◽  
David L. Roberts ◽  
Ashlyn Chapman ◽  
Alejandro Banda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Control And Prevention

Infecting large portions of the global poultry populations, the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) remains a major economic burden in North America. With more than 30 serotypes globally distributed, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, and Massachusetts are among the most predominant serotypes in the United States. Even though vaccination is widely used, the high mutation rate exhibited by IBV is continuously triggering the emergence of new viral strains and hindering control and prevention measures. For that reason, targeted strategies based on constantly updated information on the IBV circulation are necessary. Here, we sampled IBV-infected farms from one US state and collected and analyzed 65 genetic sequences coming from three different lineages along with the immunization information of each sampled farm. Phylodynamic analyses showed that IBV dispersal velocity was 12.3 km/year. The majority of IBV infections appeared to have derived from the introduction of the Arkansas DPI serotype, and the Arkansas DPI and Georgia 13 were the predominant serotypes. When analyzed against IBV sequences collected across the United States and deposited in the GenBank database, the most likely viral origin of our sequences was from the states of Alabama, Georgia, and Delaware. Information about vaccination showed that the MILDVAC-MASS+ARK vaccine was applied on 26% of the farms. Using a publicly accessible open-source tool for real-time interactive tracking of pathogen spread and evolution, we analyzed the spatiotemporal spread of IBV and developed an online reporting dashboard. Overall, our work demonstrates how the combination of genetic and spatial information could be used to track the spread and evolution of poultry diseases, providing timely information to the industry. Our results could allow producers and veterinarians to monitor in near-real time the current IBV strain circulating, making it more informative, for example, in vaccination-related decisions.

scholarly journals Typing of Field Isolates of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Based on the Sequence of the Hypervariable Region in the S1 Gene

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Won Lee ◽  
Deborah A. Hilt ◽  
Mark W. Jackwood
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Universal Primer ◽  
S1 Gene ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Field Isolates

A universal primer set was developed that amplifies a region covering hypervariable region (HVR) 1 and HVR 2 in the S1 gene of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The universality of this primer set was confirmed by testing the reference strains of different serotypes or variants of the IBV present in the United States. An approximately 450-bp region containing HVR 1 and HVR 2 of 7 untyped field isolates obtained in 1999 and 2000 was amplified. Direct sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis on that region allowed us to type those field isolates that were not typable by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Furthermore, it was found that typing by phylogenetic analysis of that region correlates with virus neutralization results. Together with RT-PCR and RFLP, this method will serve as a fast typing method for IBV diagnosis.

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