Breeding hazelnuts resistant to eastern filbert blight

2018 ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Mehlenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Filbert Blight

scholarly journals Segregation for Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in Progeny of `Zimmerman' Hazelnut

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
China F. Lunde ◽  
Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽  
David C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Chromosome Region ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Rapd Marker ◽  
Segregation Ratio ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
Resistance Allele ◽  
Reciprocal Translocations ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight

Eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller, is an important disease of european hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) in the Pacific northwestern United States. In 1989, a chance seedling free of EFB was discovered adjacent to a severely diseased orchard near Troutdale, Ore. This selection, subsequently named `Zimmerman', was crossed with three susceptible selections. Based on morphological characters and incompatibility alleles, we speculated that `Zimmerman' (S1 S3) was a hybrid between `Barcelona' (S1 S2) and `Gasaway' (S3 S26). The three seedling populations were inoculated with spores of the pathogen in a greenhouse test and assayed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by observation of canker incidence. The observed segregation fit a 3 resistant : 1 susceptible ratio in all three progenies, in contrast to the 1 : 1 ratio found when the resistant pollinizer `Gasaway' was crossed to susceptible genotypes. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker UBC 152800 linked to the resistance gene in `Gasaway' co-segregated with the resistant phenotype in all three populations with 2%, 4%, and 6% recombination, respectively. Seed germination and transplanting records did not provide evidence of selection in favor of resistant seedlings. Pollen germination was 71% in `Gasaway', 29% in `Zimmerman', and 18% in `Barcelona', indicating possible selection at the gametophytic level. Subsequently 16 resistant seedlings of `Zimmerman' were crossed with the highly susceptible selection OSU 313.078. Segregation fit a 3 : 1 ratio in 14 of the 16 progenies, and showed a surplus of resistant seedlings in the other two. None showed a 1 : 1 segregation. Resistance co-segregated with two RAPD markers that flank the `Gasaway' resistance allele. To test allelism of resistance from `Gasaway' and `Zimmerman', VR 6-28 with resistance from `Gasaway' was crossed with `Zimmerman'. Eight resistant selections from this progeny were crossed with OSU 313.078. Five of the eight progenies segregated 3 : 1, two progenies segregated 1 : 1, and OSU 313.078 × OSU 720.056 gave only resistant offspring. The ratios indicate that OSU 720.056 is homozygous resistant and that `Zimmerman' and `Gasaway' share a common resistance allele. Reciprocal translocations have been reported in hazelnut cultivars, including `Barcelona', the leading cultivar in Oregon. `Zimmerman' appears to be a hybrid of `Barcelona' and `Gasaway', but because of cytogenetic abnormalities, `Zimmerman' may have inherited two copies of the chromosome region that contain the resistance locus and flanking RAPD markers. If the region containing the resistance were attached to two independent centromeres, a 3 : 1 segregation ratio for disease response and flanking markers would be expected, and we propose this as the most likely explanation. Resistance from `Gasaway' and `Zimmerman' has been called “immunity” or “complete resistance.” However, we noted a few seedlings with small cankers, nearly all of which lacked sporulating stromata. Flanking RAPD markers indicate that the resistance allele is present in these seedlings. Although not “immune” or “completely resistant,” `Gasaway' and `Zimmerman' transmit a very high level of resistance.

scholarly journals Flowering and yield of eastern filbert blight resistant hazelnut cultivars in southwestern British Columbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-487
Author(s):  
Thomas E. O’Dell
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Female Receptivity ◽  
Field Growth ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
Pollen Shed

Trees of six recently released hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivars (Eta, Gamma, Jefferson, Sacajawea, Theta, and Yamhill) were grown at five locations in southwestern British Columbia to evaluate female receptivity and pollen shed timing, disease resistance, and nut yield. The overlap of female receptivity and pollen shed of mating-compatible cultivars equaled or exceeded that reported elsewhere. Following 4–6 yr of field growth without fungicides at sites adjoining eastern filbert blight (EFB)-infected orchards, EFB symptoms were absent from four cultivars (Eta, Gamma, Theta, Yamhill), negligible on Jefferson, and substantial on Sacajawea. Two additional potential diseases, Phomopsis sp. and Phytophthora sp., were observed on several trees at multiple farms. Yields varied by cultivar and farm, averaging 2.9 kg per tree of sixth-leaf Jefferson and 1.0 kg per tree of fourth-leaf Yamhill; the highest yield per tree observed was 9.3 kg for fifth-leaf Jefferson. These data, the first describing flowering and yield of these cultivars from operational orchards and the only such data from British Columbia, demonstrate the potential for new hazelnut cultivars even where pressure from eastern filbert blight is high. Also revealed are two potential emergent diseases for which growers need to remain vigilant.

EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT IN OREGON

1994 ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽  
Jack N. Pinkerton ◽  
K. B. Johnson ◽  
Jay W. Pacheidt
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Filbert Blight

NEW SOURCES OF RESISTANCE TO EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT AND LINKED MARKERS

2009 ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Sathuvalli ◽  
S.A. Mehlenbacher ◽  
D.C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS TO EVALUATE THE RESISTANCE OF HAZELNUT GENOTYPES TO EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 742d-742
Author(s):  
C.J. Coyne ◽  
D.C. Smith ◽  
S.A. Mehlenbacher ◽  
K.B. Johnson ◽  
J.N. Pinkerton
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Causal Fungus ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
High Doses

Resistant cultivars are a promising disease control method for eastern filbert blight, which is devastating hazelnut production in Oregon. In 1990, two studies were begun to evaluate the relative resistance of European hazelnut (Coyhls avellana) genotypes to the causal fungus, Anisogramma anomala. A randomized block design of 40 genotypes was planted using inoculated trees planted in the borders as the disease source. The first- and second-year disease incidence (percent) were compared to the published disease incidence (percent) based on exposing potted trees of 44 genotypes to high doses of inoculum. Disease incidence was significantly correlated between the two studies in 1991 (r =0.41, P = 0.02) and in 1992 (r =0.64, P = 0.001; rs = 0.35, 0.025 < P < 0.050). Three genotypes, however, showed no disease in the field, but they had disease in >70% of the potted tree study. A plot of disease incidence in the field planting indicates that the inoculum was present throughout the blocks.

scholarly journals Identification and Mapping of DNA Markers Linked to Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance from OSU 408.040 Hazelnut

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 570-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidyasagar R. Sathuvalli ◽  
Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽  
David C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
State University ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Disease Marker ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight

Eastern filbert blight (EFB) of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), caused by the pyrenomycete Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller, is a major disease problem and production constraint in Oregon’s Willamette Valley. Host genetic resistance is viewed as the most economical means of controlling this disease. Marker-assisted selection has been extensively used for ‘Gasaway’ resistance in the hazelnut breeding program at Oregon State University (OSU). Concern over potential breakdown of this single resistance gene prompted a search for new sources of resistance. Selection OSU 408.040 showed no signs or symptoms of the fungus after a series of disease inoculations, and resistance was transmitted to half of its offspring, indicating control by a dominant allele at a single locus. In this study, we identified six random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 11 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to EFB resistance from OSU 408.040. The new markers supplement the previously identified amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A linkage map constructed in the progeny OSU 245.098 × OSU 408.040 spanned a distance of 19.5 cM with the resistance locus cosegregating with AFLP marker A8-150 and located between SSR markers LG675 and LG682. Using SSR markers as anchor loci, OSU 408.040 resistance was assigned to linkage group 6 (LG6). Comparison with the previously mapped ‘Gasaway’ resistance locus showed that resistance from OSU 408.040 maps to the same location.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Methods to Evaluate Quantitative Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in European Hazelnut

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarice J. Coyne ◽  
Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽  
Kenneth B. Johnson ◽  
John N. Pinkerton ◽  
David C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Field Plot ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Tree Method

A rapid and reliable assay for screening European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) genotypes for quantitative resistance to eastern filbert blight [Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller] was tested by comparing two methods using the same clones. In the first assay, disease spread was followed for five consecutive years (1992-96) in a field plot planted in 1990. Measured responses included disease incidence (the presence or absence of cankers) and total canker length, quantified as the length of perennially expanding cankers. The second assay consisted of annually exposing replicated sets of 2-year-old, potted trees to artificially high doses of pathogen inoculum and measuring incidence and canker lengths at the end of the next growing season. The potted trees were exposed to inoculum in 1990, 1992, 1993, and 1994. Compared to the field plot, disease incidence and total canker length were higher in all the potted-tree experiments. Nonetheless, disease responses of individual clones in the two screening methods were significantly correlated in some contrasts (rs = 0.97 between 1996 field and 1995 potted trees). However, for a few clones (`Camponica', `Tombul Ghiaghli', and `Tonda di Giffoni'), disease developed slowly in the field plot, but disease incidence on these clones averaged > 30% in most of the potted-tree studies. Disease responses also were significantly correlated among some of the potted-tree experiments (rs = 0.72 for the comparison of 1994 to 1995). Highly susceptible and highly resistant hazelnut clones were identified by both methods. However, the field plot method was superior to the potted-tree method for distinguishing among moderately resistant clones. `Bulgaria XI-8', `Gem', `Camponica', `Tombul Ghiaghli', and `Tonda di Giffoni' were identified as promising sources of quantitative resistance to eastern filbert blight.

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