Flowering and yield of eastern filbert blight resistant hazelnut cultivars in southwestern British Columbia

Trees of six recently released hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivars (Eta, Gamma, Jefferson, Sacajawea, Theta, and Yamhill) were grown at five locations in southwestern British Columbia to evaluate female receptivity and pollen shed timing, disease resistance, and nut yield. The overlap of female receptivity and pollen shed of mating-compatible cultivars equaled or exceeded that reported elsewhere. Following 4–6 yr of field growth without fungicides at sites adjoining eastern filbert blight (EFB)-infected orchards, EFB symptoms were absent from four cultivars (Eta, Gamma, Theta, Yamhill), negligible on Jefferson, and substantial on Sacajawea. Two additional potential diseases, Phomopsis sp. and Phytophthora sp., were observed on several trees at multiple farms. Yields varied by cultivar and farm, averaging 2.9 kg per tree of sixth-leaf Jefferson and 1.0 kg per tree of fourth-leaf Yamhill; the highest yield per tree observed was 9.3 kg for fifth-leaf Jefferson. These data, the first describing flowering and yield of these cultivars from operational orchards and the only such data from British Columbia, demonstrate the potential for new hazelnut cultivars even where pressure from eastern filbert blight is high. Also revealed are two potential emergent diseases for which growers need to remain vigilant.

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High‐Resolution Genetic and Physical Mapping of the Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance Region in ‘Jefferson’ Hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L.)

The Plant Genome ◽

10.3835/plantgenome2016.12.0123 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Vidyasagar Sathuvalli ◽

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽

David C. Smith

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Physical Mapping ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Blight Resistance ◽

Genetic And Physical Mapping ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight ◽

Corylus Avellana L

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Flowering Phenology of Eastern Filbert Blight-resistant Hazelnut Accessions in New Jersey

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.24.2.196 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 196-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

John M. Capik ◽

Thomas J. Molnar

Keyword(s):

New Jersey ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Geographic Location ◽

Flowering Phenology ◽

Eastern United States ◽

Winter Climate ◽

Nut Production ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight ◽

Pollen Shed

Hazelnuts (Corylus sp.) are monoecious and wind-pollinated with reproduction limited by a sporophytic self-incompatibility system. They flower during the winter and are dichogamous with the dates of flowering ranging from December to March in New Jersey depending on the genotype, geographic location, and year. Successful, consistent nut production depends on both genetic compatibility and the appropriate timing of flowering between pollinizing and nut-producing cultivars. While the disease eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by Anisogramma anomala, has severely limited past hazelnut production in the eastern United States, resistant and tolerant genotypes are now available for testing. However, little is known of their flowering phenology in this region. In this study, the flower and budbreak phenology of 19 different EFB-resistant and EFB-tolerant hazelnut accessions was evaluated over 4 years, and the results compared with air temperature data collected during bloom. Results showed that the accessions followed a similar progression of bloom each year (both staminate and pistillate flowers), which allowed their placement into early-, mid-, and late-flowering groups. However, the date of bloom and duration of bloom, especially for pollen shed, differed each year, largely corresponding to average air temperature trends. Confirming previous reports from other cold regions, it was shown that consistently colder average temperatures delayed bloom until later in the winter, which then led to a compressed period of flowering once temperatures warmed. In contrast, relatively warm temperatures over the season led to earlier flowering as well as a significant lengthening of the duration of bloom, similar to responses reported in Mediterranean climates. Our study documents hazelnut flowering phenology under New Jersey’s variable winter climate, and the results provide a benchmark for selecting suitable pollenizers and breeding parents for future nut production, flowering research, and/or genetic improvement in this region.

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061 Novel Sources of Genetic Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in Hazelnut

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.451e ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 451E-451

Author(s):

C.F. Lunde ◽

M.S. Mehlenbacher ◽

D.C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Resistance Gene ◽

Indirect Elisa ◽

Rapd Marker ◽

Genetic Resistance ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Resistant Cultivar ◽

Resistant Phenotype ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight ◽

Resistance Source

A survey of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) genotypes for response to the eastern filbert blight pathogen [Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller] was performed. Seven varieties were discovered that did not display disease signs or symptoms when subjected to severe inoculation with A. anomala in the greenhouse and assayed for infection. These cultivars are `Closca Molla', `Ratoli', `Yoder #5', `Potomac', `Medium Long', `Grand Traverse' and `Zimmerman'. `Ratoli' and `Closca Molla', both minor varieties from Spain, are superior agronomic types to the resistant cultivar Gasaway, which has been the main resistance source used in the breeding program. Only `Zimmerman' carries the RAPD marker linked to resistance in populations segregating for the `Gasaway' gene. Three populations were created using, `Zimmerman', as the pollen parent in controlled crosses. These populations were inoculated with spores of the pathogen and assayed by indirect ELISA and by observation of canker incidence. Resistant phenotypes make up 84% of the populations, indicating that `Zimmerman' possesses resistance either distinct from or additional to that found in, `Gasaway'. A RAPD marker linked to the resistance gene in crosses with `Gasaway' cosegregates with the resistant phenotype in all three populations (0 cM, 3 cM, 4 cM). Mechanisms to explain the distortion in these populations are discussed. Further studies are required to characterize the mechanism and inheritance resistance in these other clones.

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The Study of Pollen Development in Nine Cultivars of Hazelnut (Corylusavellana)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1117a ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1117A-1117

Author(s):

Chantalak Tiyayon ◽

Anita Nina Azarenko

Keyword(s):

Pollen Development ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Male Gametophyte ◽

Male Flower ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Tissue Sections ◽

Development And Differentiation ◽

Mother Cells ◽

Pollen Shed

Pollen development is an important event in plant reproduction. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) male flower differentiation starts in summer and pollen shed is in the winter. Hazelnut pollen shed can vary up to 3 months between early to late flowering genotypes. Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis of hazelnut is not well understood. Pollen development and differentiation of nine genotypes, representing early to late blooming cultivars from the National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, Ore., were studied. Catkins were collected weekly from Aug. to Nov. 2002. Tissue sections were examined under the light microscope. Microsporogenesis was divided into five stages: archesporial cells, sporogenous cells and parietal layers, pollen mother cells (PMC), tetrads, and microspores. Microgametogenesis was distinguished between young pollen grains (uninucleate) and mature pollen grains (binucleate). On 4 Aug., cultivars were at different developmental stages of microsporogenesis. Early blooming cultivars had PMCs present. Later-blooming cultivars only contained archesporial cells. PMCs were present in all cultivars by 22 Aug. Microspores were observed on 26 Sept. in all cultivars. This study contributes to a better understanding of male gametophyte development in hazelnut, which has increased our ability to correlate hazelnut pollen development with bloom phenology.

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Occurrence and Inheritance of Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in `Gasaway' Hazelnut

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.4.410 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 410-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽

Maxine M. Thompson ◽

H. Ronald Cameron

Keyword(s):

Resistance Gene ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Symptom Expression ◽

Inheritance Of Resistance ◽

Open Pollination ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Controlled Crosses ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight

`Gasaway' hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is highly resistant to eastern filbert blight caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller. Progeny produced from controlled crosses of `Gasaway' with five susceptible genotypes and open pollination in a `DuChilly' orchard were planted in a diseased orchard and rated for symptom expression for 9 to 10 years. All progeny were found to segregate 50% resistant: 50% susceptible, indicating that `Gasaway' is heterozygous for a single dominant resistance gene.

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Tank Mixing Fungicides for Effectiveness Against Eastern Filbert Blight of Hazelnut

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-08-17-1298-re ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 102 (5) ◽

pp. 919-924 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. W. Pscheidt ◽

S. Heckert ◽

S. A. Cluskey

Keyword(s):

Corylus Avellana ◽

Resistance Development ◽

Qoi Fungicides ◽

Quinone Outside Inhibitor ◽

Action Committee ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Dmi Fungicides ◽

Group 3 ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight ◽

Control Tank

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) production in Oregon primarily occurs on cultivars susceptible to Anisogramma anomala, the causal agent of eastern filbert blight (EFB). Management of EFB involves planting resistant cultivars, removal of cankered limbs, and the application of fungicides. Tank mixes of demethylation-inhibiting (DMI; Fungicide Resistance Action Committee [FRAC] group 3) or quinone outside inhibitor (QoI; FRAC group 11) fungicides with chlorothalonil (FRAC group M5) at full or reduced rates were evaluated for effectiveness against A. anomala. The use of chlorothalonil in a mix with a DMI or QoI fungicide was an effective treatment for EFB even if each component of the mix was at half the labeled rate. Different liquid or dry formulations of chlorothalonil were equally effective in a tank mix for EFB control. The combination of propiconazole (FRAC group 3) tank mixed with trifloxystrobin (FRAC group 11) was not effective, whereas trees treated with propiconazole tank mixed with pyraclostrobin (FRAC group 11) resulted in significantly fewer EFB cankers compared with nontreated trees. When using tank mixes for EFB management, DMI fungicides should remain at full rates while mixing with a half-rate of chlorothalonil. In contrast, QoI fungicides and chlorothalonil could both be used at half-rates and still maintain acceptable EFB control. Tank mixing chlorothalonil with fungicides at risk of resistance development can help maintain consistent EFB control and should help prevent or delay the emergence of fungicide-resistant A. anomala isolates.

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Hazelnut Accessions Provide New Sources of Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.42.3.466 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 466-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Honglin Chen ◽

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽

David C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Interspecific Hybrids ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Backcross Hybrid ◽

Complete Resistance ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight

A diverse collection of 58 hazelnut accessions, including Corylus avellana L. and interspecific hybrids, were evaluated for their response to the eastern filbert blight pathogen Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller after greenhouse inoculation. Evaluations were made using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and visual inspection. Forty-five of these became infected, 12 remained free of infection, and one gave inconclusive results. The 12 accessions showing complete resistance were European hazelnuts ‘Culpla’ from Spain and CCOR 187 from Finland; C. americana × C. avellana hybrids ‘G081S’, CCOR 506, and Weschcke selections TP1, TP2 and TP3; C. colurna × C. avellana hybrids Chinese Trazels Gellatly #6 and #11; Turkish Trazel Gellatly #3 and backcross hybrid ‘Lisa’; and C. heterophylla var. sutchuensis × C. avellana hybrid ‘Estrella #1’. In a second test, exposure of potted trees under structures topped with diseased wood confirmed the complete resistance of ‘Santiam’, four pollinizers, and ‘Ratoli’. However, a few small cankers were observed on ‘Closca Molla’ from Spain and OSU 729.012, with resistance from C. californica (A.DC.) Rose, in contrast to the results of earlier greenhouse inoculations.

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RAPD markers linked to eastern filbert blight resistance in Corylus avellana

Theoretical and Applied Genetics ◽

10.1007/s00122-003-1476-9 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 108 (4) ◽

pp. 651-656 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

S. A. Mehlenbacher ◽

R. N. Brown ◽

J. W. Davis ◽

H. Chen ◽

N. V. Bassil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rapd Markers ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Blight Resistance ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight

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Survey of Hazelnut Cultivars for Response to Eastern Filbert Blight Inoculation

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.4.729 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 729-731 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

China F. Lunde ◽

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽

David C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Interspecific Hybrids ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Rapd Marker ◽

Genetic Resistance ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Resistant Parent ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight

Ninety hazelnut (Corylus sp.) genotypes were surveyed for response to the eastern filbert blight pathogen [Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller] following greenhouse inoculation using a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and visual inspection for cankers. Most were cultivars of the European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and a few were interspecific hybrids. Six genotypes did not display signs of the pathogen or symptoms of disease: `Closca Molla', `Ratoli', `Yoder #5', `Potomac', `Medium Long', and `Grand Traverse'. `Closca Molla' and `Ratoli', both minor Spanish cultivars, are superior in many respects to `Gasaway', which has been extensively used as a completely resistant parent in breeding. `Potomac' and `Yoder #5' have C. americana Marsh. in their pedigrees, `Grand Traverse' is one-quarter C. colurna, and the origin of `Medium Long' is uncertain. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker generated by primer UBC 152, which is linked to the single dominant resistance gene of `Gasaway', is absent in these six genotypes, and thus they appear to be novel sources of genetic resistance to this devastating disease.

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