Summary
We present and test a new screening methodology to discriminate among alternative and competing enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) techniques to be considered for a given reservoir. Our work is motivated by the observation that, even if a considerable variety of EOR techniques was successfully applied to extend oilfield production and lifetime, an EOR project requires extensive laboratory and pilot tests before fieldwide implementation and preliminary assessment of EOR potential in a reservoir is critical in the decision-making process. Because similar EOR techniques may be successful in fields sharing some global features, as basic discrimination criteria, we consider fluid (density and viscosity) and reservoir-formation (porosity, permeability, depth, and temperature) properties. Our approach is observation-driven and grounded on an exhaustive database that we compiled after considering worldwide EOR field experiences. A preliminary reduction of the dimensionality of the parameter space over which EOR projects are classified is accomplished through principal-component analysis (PCA). A screening of target analogs is then obtained by classification of documented EOR projects through a Bayesian-clustering algorithm. Considering the cluster that includes the EOR field under evaluation, an intercluster refinement is then accomplished by ordering cluster components on the basis of a weighted Euclidean distance from the target field in the (multidimensional) parameter space. Distinctive features of our methodology are that (a) all screening analyses are performed on the database projected onto the space of principal components (PCs) and (b) the fraction of variance associated with each PC is taken as weight of the Euclidean distance that we determine. As a test bed, we apply our approach on three fields operated by Eni. These include light-, medium-, and heavy-oil reservoirs, where gas, chemical, and thermal EOR projects were, respectively, proposed. Our results are (a) conducive to the compilation of a broad and extensively usable database of EOR settings and (b) consistent with the field observations related to the three tested and already planned/implemented EOR methodologies, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach.
Fault-section identification for hybrid distribution lines based on principal component analysis and Euclidean distance
