scholarly journals Ce n’est pas technique, c’est politique: les disputes dans le domaine du droit d’auteur au Brésil

Author(s):  
Nayara F. Macedo de Medeiros Albrecht

Résumé: Les politiques publiques sur le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins touchent plusieurs parties prenantes ayant de différentes perspectives sur la propriété intellectuelle. Les études soulignent souvent l’existence de deux coalitions : l’une qui défend la flexibilisation du système et l’autre appuyant le durcissement de la protection. Néanmoins, la réalité est bien plus complexe que cela, car chaque coalition est composée par des membres ayant des intérêts divers et fréquemment divergents. Des utilisateurs, des auteurs, des maisons de disques et des services numériques ont souvent des visions du monde dissonantes, ainsi que de différents niveaux de ressources pour influencer les actions du gouvernement. Cet article vise à présenter des réflexions sur la mobilisation politique des membres des industries créatives et leur influence sur la législation concernant le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins au Brésil. Le but est d’identifier les coalitions dans ce domaine, leurs visions politiques et l’accès aux décisions publiques. En plus d’aborder la philosophie de la propriété intellectuelle, je discute des théories politiques concernant le lobbying et les groupes d’intérêt, principalement leurs effets sur la démocratie contemporaine. La méthodologie consiste en une étude de cas dans laquelle j’ai employé la recherche documentaire et l’analyse de discours. À partir d’une analyse de discours réalisés dans la Chambre des Députés brésilienne, j’ai identifié les principaux groupes représentés et les arguments qu’ils ont présentés. J’ai comparé les positionnements défendus lors des audiences publiques et les résultats législatifs. L’objectif était donc d’analyser quelles visions ou perspectives ont été convenues par les élus dans le débat sur la réforme de la loi. La réalisation d’entretiens avec des participants de ce procès politique a complémenté l’analyse. Je discute la relation entre les parties prenantes et l’État pour évaluer quels groupes ont réussi à influencer les décisions gouvernementales. Je souligne que les droits intellectuels font partie d’un domaine dans lequel on trouve plusieurs disputes politiques, quoique certains avocats déclarent que la propriété intellectuelle est un « sujet technique ».Mots-clés: lobbying, droits d’auteur, inégalité, représentation. Resumo: As políticas públicas de direitos autorais afetam diversos agentes, os quais apresentam visões diferentes acerca da propriedade intelectual. A literatura especializada considera geralmente a existência de duas grandes coalizões: uma que defende a flexibilização do sistema e outra que defende um aumento do nível de proteção. No entanto, a realidade é mais complexa, uma vez que ambas as coalizões são formadas por agentes com interesses diversos. Usuários, autores, editoras e serviços digitais possuem frequentemente visões de mundo dissonantes e diferentes níveis de recursos para influenciar as decisões do governo. Este artigo visa expor reflexões sobre a mobilização política de membros das indústrias criativas, assim como sua influência na legislação relativa aos direitos de autor e conexos no Brasil. O objetivo é identificar as coalizões presentes nesse domínio, suas visões e o acesso às decisões públicas. Além da filosofia da propriedade intelectual, discuto teorias políticas relativas ao lobby e aos grupos de interesse, principalmente no que tange aos impactos na democracia contemporânea. A metodologia consiste em um estudo de caso no qual empreguei a pesquisa documental e a análise de discurso. Por meio de uma análise de discursos realizados na Câmara dos Deputados, identifiquei os principais grupos representados e as posições que eles defendem. Comparei então os argumentos defendidos nas audiências públicas com os resultados legislativos. O objetivo é analisar quais foram as visões ou perspectivas contempladas pelos parlamentares no debate sobre a reforma da lei. A realização de entrevistas com participantes do processo complementou a análise. Discuto a relação entre as partes e o Estado para avaliar quais grupos tiveram mais sucesso em influenciar as decisões governamentais. Argumento que os direitos autorais fazem parte de um domínio no qual há muitas disputas políticas, ainda que certos advogados insistam em afirmar que a propriedade intelectual é um “assunto técnico”.Palavras-chave: lobby, direitos autorais, desigualdade, representação. Abstract: Public policies regarding copyright and related rights affect a varied range of stakeholders with different views about intellectual property. The research literature mentions frequently two coalitions: one defending broader access to works and another focusing on the enforcement of intellectual property. Nonetheless, the reality is more complex than this division as both coalitions are heterogeneous. Users, authors, record labels, and digital services have often dissonant views and different opportunities in influencing government decision-making. This paper aims at bringing reflections upon the political mobilization of members from creative industries, as well as the power they hold in the debates about copyright law in Brazil. The goal is to identify the coalitions in this field, their political stances, and their opportunities to influence public decisions. Besides discussing the philosophy of intellectual property, I approach political theories related to lobbying and interest groups, with a focus on its impacts on democracy. The methodology refers to a case study in which I employed research techniques such as document research and discourse analysis. Through an analysis of speeches at the chamber of deputies, I identified the main groups and coalitions and the stances they defended. Then, I compared the claims they presented during public hearings to political outcomes. The goal is to analyze the stances or perspectives adopted by the members of parliament. Interviews with key stakeholders complemented this analysis. I discuss the relations between these agents and the State to evaluate which groups had more success in persuading government decisions. I argue that copyright and related rights are part of a field in which there are several political disputes, although some lawyers may insist that intellectual property is a “technical subject”.Keywords: lobbying, copyright, inequality, representation.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Perzanowski

The U.S. tattoo industry generates billions of dollars in annual revenue. Like the music, film, and publishing industries, it derives value from the creation of new, original works of authorship. But unlike rights holders in those more traditional creative industries, tattoo artists rarely assert formal legal rights in disputes over copying or ownership of the works they create. Instead, tattooing is governed by a set of nuanced, overlapping, and occasionally contradictory social norms enforced through informal sanctions. And in contrast to other creative communities that rely on social norms because of the unavailability of formal intellectual property protection, the tattoo industry opts for self-governance despite the comfortable fit of its creative output within the protections of the Copyright Act.This Article relies on qualitative interview data drawn from more than a dozen face-to-face conversations with professionals in the tattoo industry. Based on those interviews, it offers a descriptive account of the social norms that have effectively displaced formal law within the tattoo community, provides a set of complementary cultural and economic explanations for the development of those norms, and outlines the broader implications of this research for intellectual property law and policy.


2021 ◽  
pp. 132-141
Author(s):  
Svetlana Kodaneva ◽  

Artificial intelligence is becoming an indispensable assistant not only in solving technical problems, but also in various creative industries and even in creativity, which has always been considered a human prerogative. In April 2021 at the Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov was held an international scientific and practical conference, dedicated to the discussion of the key problems of legal regulation of various aspects of intellectual property both for human-created neural networks and for works (inventions) created by artificial intelligence. This review presents the problems and issues raised in the framework of this conference.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-843
Author(s):  
Gabriela Fernandes ◽  
David O' Sullivan ◽  
Eduardo B. Pinto ◽  
Madalena Araújo ◽  
Ricardo J. Machado

PurposeUniversity–industry projects provide special challenges in understanding and expressing the values required of project management (PM) in delivering stakeholder benefits. This paper presents a framework for understanding, identifying and managing the values of PM in major university–industry R&D projects.Design/methodology/approachThe value framework identifies for each of the key stakeholders, the key PM values that may require to be managed and are largely derived from research literature. Empirical research then explores, prioritises and selects key PM values that need to be managed for a specific project. A large case study is used involving one university and one industry collaborating on a multi-million Euro initiative over six years. Empirical research was conducted by researchers who observed at close quarters, the challenges and successes of managing the competing values of key stakeholders.FindingsThe value framework takes a stakeholders' perspective by identifying the respective PM values for each of six stakeholders: university–industry consortium, university, industry, R&D external entities, funding entity and society.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was performed using only one case study which limits the generalisability of its findings; however, the findings are presented as a decision support aid for project consortia in developing values for their own collaboration.Practical implicationsGuidance and decision support are provided to multi-stakeholder research consortia when selecting values that need to be managed for achieving tangible and intangible project benefits.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates a proposed framework for designing and managing the value of PM in large multi-stakeholder university–industry R&D projects.


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