scholarly journals "The Extreme Male Brain?" Incrementum and the Rhetorical Gendering of Autism

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordynn Jack
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Service Economy ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Extreme Male Brain ◽  
Brain Theory ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
And Gender

<p>The rhetorical figure of the <em>incrementum</em>, or scale<em>, </em>can help to account for how autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been gendered as male, especially in Simon Baron-Cohen&rsquo;s "Extreme Male Brain" theory. The <em>incrementum</em> occurs when female, male, and autistic brains are placed along a scale according to systemizing and empathizing abilities. This double hierarchy reinforces popular beliefs about sex and gender, drawing on the cultural resources of hi-tech culture, the service economy, and geekiness. In so doing, these theories overlook other important aspects of ASD, including alternative theories, the presence of autistic women and girls, and the needs and interests of autistic people themselves.</p>

scholarly journals Autistic traits, empathizing-systemizing, and gender variance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Hendriks ◽  
Yimeng Wei ◽  
Varun Warrier ◽  
Gareth Richards
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autism Spectrum Quotient ◽  
Gender Variance ◽  
Gender Variant ◽  
Sexual Orientations ◽  
Extreme Male Brain ◽  
Brain Theory ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Extreme Male Brain Theory

Previous research indicates a link between autism and gender variance, though the basis for this association is not fully understood. The current study examined autistic traits (as measured by the Autism Spectrum Quotient [AQ]) and empathizing and systemizing (as measured by the Empathizing Quotient-Short [EQ-S] and Systemizing Quotient-Short [SQ-S]) in a sample of n=89 UK adults representing a broad range of gender identities and sexual orientations. Compared with cisgender individuals (i.e. those who identify as the same gender as that assigned at birth), gender variant participants had significantly higher AQ and SQ-S scores, and stronger systemizing relative to empathizing (D-score). Further analysis revealed that there were significant differences between cisgender females and those assigned female at birth who do not identify as female (transgender AFAB), but not between cisgender males and those assigned male at birth who do not identify as male (transgender AMAB). These findings are broadly in line with the extreme male brain theory of autism, and may be relevant for developing effective support for gender variant and/or autistic individuals.

scholarly journals Recent Technologies to Improving Social and Communication Skills in Children with ASD: Systematization of Approaches and Methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albina Nesterova ◽  
Rimma Aysina ◽  
Tatjana Suslova
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

<p>In the article recent technologies of formation and development of social and communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorders are analyzed. A systematic review summarizes the most effective and verified interventions of support to socialization of children with ASD: applied behavior analysis (ABA); cognitive-behavioral training (CBT); social stories method; social skills training (SST). We pay special attention to virtual technologies and video simulations so these methods allow to form social skills in children with ASD more efficiently and psychologically safe. Problems and prospects of using virtual technologies for children with ASD needs are discussed.<strong> </strong>The specificity of Russian practical experience and researches in development of heuristic technologies of development of social communication of persons with ASD is described: animal-assisted therapy, somatosensory correction, author art therapy and folk forms of intervention. On the basis of analytical work it is concluded that the gap between theory and practice needs to be neutralized, when scientifically unfounded practical developments are introduced in helping autistic people and researches of scientists are not always verified in an empirical manner.</p>

ASD, SUD and gender

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s882-s883
Author(s):  
P.J.M. Van Wijngaarden-Cremers
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Substance Abuse Disorder ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Very High

IntroductionAutism and substance use disorder (SUD) is not the co-morbidity that is commonly considered. Yet these conditions have more commonalities than one would suspect.ObjectiveWe will consider the evidence for co-morbidity between ASD and Addiction (Substance Use Disorders (SUD) and explore the influence of gender.MethodA pilot study of 80 admissions to an adult ASD unit will be presented.ResultsThe co-morbidity ASD and SUD in this study was very high (65% of the inpatients). There were no gender differences in prevalence in total but addiction to medication (32% in woman vs. none in man) and eating disorders (24% in women vs. 9% in man) was far more common in women whereas addiction to drugs (13% in man vs. none in women) was far more common in man.ConclusionsThere are clear indications that a possible co-morbidity of substance abuse disorder should be considered in cases of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. There are no gender differences in prevalence of co-morbidity ASD and SUD in total but addiction to medication and eating disorders seems to be much more common in women whereas addiction to drugs probably more common in man.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Testing the Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Familial Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingeborg Hauth ◽  
Yvette G. E. de Bruijn ◽  
Wouter Staal ◽  
Jan K. Buitelaar ◽  
Nanda N. Rommelse
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Extreme Male Brain ◽  
Brain Theory ◽  
Extreme Male Brain Theory

scholarly journals To be or not to be emotionally aware and socially motivated: How alexithymia impacts autism spectrum disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Pastore ◽  
Sara Dellantonio ◽  
Claudio Mulatti ◽  
Gianluca Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Socially Motivated

AbstractAutism often co-occurs with alexithymia, a condition characterized by no or diminished awareness of emotions that significantly impacts an individual's social relationships. We investigate how the social motivation of autistics would be eroded by comorbidity with alexithymia and why this diminished motivation would be difficult for non-autistic people to perceive and reciprocate.

scholarly journals Testing the Empathizing–Systemizing theory of sex differences and the Extreme Male Brain theory of autism in half a million people

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (48) ◽  
pp. 12152-12157 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Greenberg ◽  
Varun Warrier ◽  
Carrie Allison ◽  
Simon Baron-Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Autism Spectrum Quotient ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Extreme Type ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Extreme Male Brain ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

The Empathizing–Systemizing (E-S) theory of typical sex differences suggests that individuals may be classified based on empathy and systemizing. An extension of the E-S theory, the Extreme Male Brain (EMB) theory suggests that autistic people on average have a shift towards a more masculinized brain along the E-S dimensions. Both theories have been investigated in small sample sizes, limiting their generalizability. Here we leverage two large datasets (discovery n = 671,606, including 36,648 autistic individuals primarily; and validation n = 14,354, including 226 autistic individuals) to investigate 10 predictions of the E-S and the EMB theories. In the discovery dataset, typical females on average showed higher scores on short forms of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and Sensory Perception Quotient (SPQ), and typical males on average showed higher scores on short forms of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ). Typical sex differences in these measures were attenuated in autistic individuals. Analysis of “brain types” revealed that typical females on average were more likely to be Type E (EQ > SQ) or Extreme Type E and that typical males on average were more likely to be Type S (SQ > EQ) or Extreme Type S. In both datasets, autistic individuals, regardless of their reported sex, on average were “masculinized.” Finally, we demonstrate that D-scores (difference between EQ and SQ) account for 19 times more of the variance in autistic traits (43%) than do other demographic variables including sex. Our results provide robust evidence in support of both the E-S and EMB theories.

scholarly journals Sex and gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: summarizing evidence gaps and identifying emerging areas of priority

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alycia K Halladay ◽  
Somer Bishop ◽  
John N Constantino ◽  
Amy M Daniels ◽  
Katheen Koenig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sex And Gender Differences
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