scholarly journals Intrusion tolerance model against higher institution database

Author(s):  
Mohammed B. Yakubu ◽  
Hussaini DanAzumi ◽  
Mohammed Bulama ◽  
Abba Hassan

Privacy and security are the two major concerns of keeping and accessing data on the internet. The rate of intruding organisation’s database by unauthorised users is on the increase. Thus, the affected organisation’s data confidentiality is lost; it can be viewed, modified, deleted and/or make it inaccessible to authorised users. Intrusion detection and tolerance techniques help in recognising malicious attacks as well as supports the websites to survive the attack. A quantitative approach was used in this study even though numerous attempts of quantitative evaluation of the survivability of intrusion tolerant systems, especially in database field have been made. Study on survivability of intrusion tolerant systems has being done, taking behaviour of attack, prediction of scale, speed of database damage propagation and its degree of spreading as facilitators. This paper provides the intrusion tolerant database system as a series of state transition model (Zumkas Model) based on the hidden Markov model. Keywords: Intrusion, survivability, model, patterns

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1003-1019
Author(s):  
Ingrid E. H. Kremer ◽  
Mickael Hiligsmann ◽  
Josh Carlson ◽  
Marita Zimmermann ◽  
Peter J. Jongen ◽  
...  

Background Up to 31% of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) discontinue treatment with disease-modifying drug (DMD) within the first year, and of the patients who do continue, about 40% are nonadherent. Shared decision making may decrease nonadherence and discontinuation rates, but evidence in the context of RRMS is limited. Shared decision making may, however, come at additional costs. This study aimed to explore the potential cost-effectiveness of shared decision making for RRMS in comparison with usual care, from a (limited) societal perspective over a lifetime. Methods An exploratory economic evaluation was conducted by adapting a previously developed state transition model that evaluates the cost-effectiveness of a range of DMDs for RRMS in comparison with the best supportive care. Three potential effects of shared decision making were explored: 1) a change in the initial DMD chosen, 2) a decrease in the patient’s discontinuation in using the DMD, and 3) an increase in adherence to the DMD. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses of a scenario that combined the 3 effects were conducted. Results Each effect separately and the 3 effects combined resulted in higher quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs due to the increased utilization of DMD. A decrease in discontinuation of DMDs influenced the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) most. The combined scenario resulted in an ICER of €17,875 per QALY gained. The ICER was sensitive to changes in several parameters. Conclusion This study suggests that shared decision making for DMDs could potentially be cost-effective, especially if shared decision making would help to decrease treatment discontinuation. Our results, however, may depend on the assumed effects on treatment choice, persistence, and adherence, which are actually largely unknown.


1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2506-2513 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bochmann ◽  
E. Cerny ◽  
M. Gagne ◽  
C. Jard ◽  
A. Leveille ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Pitro Zafiropulo ◽  
Colin H. West ◽  
Harry Rudin ◽  
D. D. Cowan ◽  
Daniel Brand

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