The Ryukyu Kingdom under the Bakuhan System

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamoru Akamine
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Tax Assessment ◽  
System P ◽  
The Right

Toyotomi Hideyoshi moved to unify Japan and gave the Shimazu clan in Satsuma the right (not acknowledged by Ryukyu) to control Ryukyu. Satsuma successfully invaded Ryukyu in 1609, forcing King Shō Nei to accompany them to Edo to honor the Tokugawa Shogun, who agreed to allow the Ryukyu royal government to continue functioning as is, asking them to mediate in Japan-China relations. China balked and reduced Ryukyu trade missions drastically. In early 1600s, Tokugawa fear of Christianity led to isolationist sakoku policy; Ryukyu included. From 1630s, Ryukyu was subject to Japan’s rice tax assessment, as part of Satsuma. From 1630s, Ryukyu begins to send periodic envoys to Edo (Edo-nobori, or Edo-dachi). Satsuma tightened control over Ryukyu’s trade activities. This chapter examines the complicated trade strategies that developed between Japan, Satsuma, Ryukyu, and China. With the Qing Dynasty in the mid-seventeenth century, Ryukyu tribute envoys also become intelligence “agents” for Satsuma.

The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Unique Identity ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

This essay examines the transformation from undifferentiated frontier to geographic region of that part of northeast Asia controversially referred to as Manchuria. This transition—from space to place, as it were—long has tended to be seen primarily in terms of the extension of colonial interests into China in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. However, as I shall argue, the invention of this place began much earlier, in the seventeenth century, and owed substantially to the efforts of China's Manchu rulers, who claimed it as their homeland, the terre natale of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Even as the area was joined to the larger empire, Qing emperors took care to invest what I define as “Greater Mukden” with a unique identity.

A Primer on the Qing Dynasty Monetary System

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Austin Dean
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Monetary Reform ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
System P ◽  
Institutional Challenges ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter highlights the relationship between copper and silver and stresses the decentralized nature of Qing dynasty monetary institutions and practices in the middle of the nineteenth century. It introduces how and why monetary arrangements began to be questioned in the late Qing. It also explains the contours of the currency, credit, and payment ecosystem in the middle of the nineteenth century in order to understand debates and conflicts about Chinese monetary reform from the 1870s to the 1930s. The chapter describes the Chinese currency system that is filled with different “ghost money” units of account, copper coins of varying quality, silver in the form of ingots and coins from Latin America, and notes from various financial institutions. It talks about the decentralized nature of the Qing monetary system that presented political and institutional challenges.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

Contract

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicia Roșu
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Military Aid ◽  
The Right

Chapter 4 focuses on the contracts imposed on rulers in elective monarchies, which made their position on the throne conditional. The Polish-Lithuanian conditions, known as the Henrician articles (or the pacta conventa) were significantly more complex than those used in Transylvania in the 1570s and 1580s; only in the seventeenth century did the latter become similarly elaborate. Moreover, the Transylvanian conditions were mostly negative promises (i.e. to abstain from abusing power or infringing the liberties of citizens), whereas the Polish-Lithuanian ones included positive ones as well (to bring financial, strategic, or military aid, and to resolve certain domestic issues). The chapter analyses the extent to which Stephen Báthory observed his electoral contract during his Transylvanian and Polish-Lithuanian reigns, particularly the interdiction of hereditary succession, religious peace, and the right of disobedience.

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