Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

Print Culture and the Circulation of Knowledge in Imperial China, 8th–17th Centuries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucille Chia
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Manuscript Culture ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Woodblock Printing ◽  
The 19Th Century

Print culture in imperial China spans over twelve hundred years, from the late 7th century ce to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1911. During this long period, mechanical reproduction of texts and image meant primarily woodblock printing (xylography), and, to a lesser extent, typography, using movable types made of wood, metal, and ceramics. Xylography was first used for religious purposes, such as prayer sheets and scriptures, but by the late 8th century, nonreligious imprints for daily use were produced. Only in the mid-10th century, however, did the state and the literati elite begin to produce and disseminate many nonreligious works in print. Thus, the dramatic growth in the number and diversity of imprints produced by government, private, religious, and commercial publishers took off in the Song Dynasty (960–1279), due in great part to the state’s efforts to compile and publish many works. One may argue, however, that not until the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) would print culture be sufficiently widespread to be in ascendance, as evidenced by the great variety of works, the evolving page designs, and the changing attitudes of readers toward imprints. By the mid Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), printing had spread throughout the country into remote regions and throughout all levels of society. Changes in publishing culture from the 19th century onward were spurred by the adoption of new print technologies from the West, such as lithography and movable-type letterpress, which allowed for faster publication of far greater press runs, even as the traditional printing technologies continued to be used. Finally, it is important to note that a thriving manuscript culture continued to coexist with print until at least the late 19th century. The parting of the ways between print and manuscript became lasting only with the dominance of modern print technologies in the 20th century.

Opium in China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangwen Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medicinal Herb ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
The 19Th Century

Opium was used as a medicinal herb during the Tang-Song dynastic era, if not earlier, but this medicinal role was transformed during the Ming dynasty as it became an ingredient in aphrodisiacs produced for the Ming court. Small countries in South-Southeast Asia included opium in their tribute items to the Ming. Tribute missions were a form of trade as well as the best way to maintain foreign relations. Opium transformed again in the early Qing dynasty as Southeast Asian Chinese brought the habit of smoking opium mixed with tobacco back to the mainland. This was soon integrated in and promoted by the sex recreation industry in the mid-18th century, and the demand for opium grew rapidly in the early decades of the 19th century. By the 1850s, increasing supply fueled a level of consumption that neither repeated attempts at prohibition, nor two opium wars could stymie; it exploded into a consumer revolution. Opium became vital to the economy as all the polities since the late Qing taxed it to sustain themselves. It also became a symbol of China’s humiliation and anti-imperialist political platform. It has now come back to haunt the country despite the Mao era success in eradication.

scholarly journals Missionaries and Orientalists Studies of Chinese Islam- Before the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Alimu Tuoheti
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Religious People ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century, the development of natural science and the emergence of enlightenment gradually gave birth to social science in modern Europe. As Europe opened the door to China in the middle of the 19th century, Western academia began to pay attention to China, and Western theories and methods progressively entered China and were accepted by Chinese scholars. Most saliently, some Christian missionaries and Orientalists have completed more serious studies of Islam in China, and published several corresponding works and research results on this basis. During this period, those who studied Islam and Muslims in China could be divided into two categories. the Religious people, including Christian missionaries. and Scholars, including Orientalists. Subsequently, when Western missionaries entered China, they found the presence of a large Muslim group, so they began to study them and organize missionary work. Although this missionary activity proved unsuccessful in terms of the number of converts to Christianity, it maintains a certain positive significance regarding religious and cultural exchange, and cross-civilizational interaction. Documents recording the encounters between Christianity and Islam in China since modern times are scattered in journals such as Chinese Repository, The Chinese Recorder, Friends of Moslems, The Moslem World and China’s Millions.

The introduction of English grammar studies into China in the 19thcentury

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Tommaso Pellin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Language Schools ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Key Terms

During the first half of the 19th century, Protestant missionaries based in China started teaching some English to the students attending their schools; in the second half of the century Chinese scholars opened their own language schools and wrote their grammarbooks of English.This contribution describes four of the grammarbooks for English that marked milestones in that period: Morrison’sA Grammar of the English Language(1823), Lobscheid’sChinese-English grammar(1864), Cáo Xiāng’sYīngzìrùmén(1874), and Wāng Fèngzǎo’sYīngwén jǔyú(1878). Its aim is to sketch the lines of the introduction of some of the key terms for grammar, within the theoretical framework of the phenomenon of grammatization of Chinese: the mutual influence from contemporary grammatical studies of Chinese and other languages will be highlighted.

Source Guide to History of Measurement Technology Material

1977 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 257-265
Author(s):  
P. H. Sydenham
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Written Information ◽  
Electrical Devices ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

Measurement hardware before the 19th century is reasonably well reported in historical works. More modern electrical devices have not been studied as extensively, presumably because of the high degree of understanding needed of the historian and because the artifacts and written information are not easy to locate. This article provides a brief summary of the history of sensing, a working guide to dominant world collections of sensing apparatus, and an introductory guide to the literature available on sensing methods. It is intended as an aid to historical sensing technique research.

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