Biological Gender Differences, Absenteeism, and the Earnings Gap: Comment

In most countries, women are absent from work more frequently than men. Using personnel data, we find that the absences of women below the age of 45 follow a 28-day cycle, while the absences of men and of women over the age of 45 do not. We interpret this as evidence that the menstrual cycle increases female absenteeism. To investigate the effect on women's earnings, we use a simple model of statistical discrimination. Consistent with the model, we find absenteeism has a more negative effect on men's earnings and this difference declines with seniority. The increased absenteeism induced by the 28-day cycle explains at least 14 percent of the earnings gender differential. (JEL J16, J22, J31)

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Gender Differences in Job Search and the Earnings Gap: Evidence from Business Majors

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3851049 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Patricia Cortes ◽

Jessica Pan ◽

Laura Pilossoph ◽

Basit Zafar

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Job Search ◽

Business Majors ◽

Earnings Gap

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Biological Gender Differences, Absenteeism and the Earning Gap

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.921038 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Ichino ◽

Enrico Moretti

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Biological Gender ◽

Earning Gap

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An Explanation of a Gender Earnings Gap in the Veterinary Profession

Athens Journal of Business & Economics ◽

10.30958/ajbe.7-2-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 145-160

Author(s):

David Smith ◽

Demos Vardiabasis ◽

Samuel Seaman ◽

Yury Adamo

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Firm Size ◽

Model Specification ◽

Data Set ◽

Self Employment ◽

Veterinary Profession ◽

Concomitant Variables ◽

Gender Earnings Gap ◽

Earnings Gap

Analysis of a unique data set of U.S. veterinary firms and veterinarians provides evidence of significant differences in earnings between self-employed males and females. After controlling for important concomitant variables, including training and experience, self-employed female veterinarians generally own smaller clinics and have lower earnings than their male counterparts. This study considers which demographic/economic factors may be associated with observed gender differences in earnings. The gender gap for average earnings is about 44 percent; however, when controlling for certain characteristics, the gap narrows to as little as 23 percent, depending on the model specification. Firm size was found to be the strongest contributing factor in explaining the gender gap in earnings, and so, possible explanations for differences in firm size have also been discussed. Whilst the analysis is not conclusive, there is evidence that self-employed females may face customer discrimination, which may constrain the growth and size of female-owned firms. (JEL D21) Keywords: Gender differences, salaries, self-employment, veterinarians

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Women at Work

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/0019793916668530 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 190-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Anja-Kristin Abendroth ◽

Silvia Melzer ◽

Alexandra Kalev ◽

Donald Tomaskovic-Devey

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Human Resources ◽

Organizational Context ◽

Gender Inequalities ◽

Job Level ◽

Women In Management ◽

Gender Earnings Gap ◽

Earnings Gap ◽

Gendered Power ◽

And Gender

Using a unique sample of 5,022 workers in 94 large German workplaces, the authors explore whether and how women’s access to higher level positions, firms’ human resources practices, and workers’ qualification levels are associated with gender differences in earnings. First, they find that having more women in management reduces the gender earnings gap for jobs with low qualifications, but not those with high qualifications. Second, they find that while men’s compensation is positively affected by having a male supervisor, women with a female supervisor do not receive such an advantage. Finally, they find that human resources practices and job-level qualifications moderate the association between gendered power and gender earnings inequalities. Integrating women into managerial and supervisory roles does not automatically reduce gender inequalities; its impacts are contingent on organizational context.

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