PEMAKNAAN DAN PENGALAMAN SEBAGAI TRANSGENDER

This study aims to get an overview of the meaning and experience of being transgender. This study use a qualitative research method, researcher conducted interviews with two subjects, one female to male transgender subject and one male to female subject. This research we will see how the dynamics that transgenders go through and feel. The description of meaning and experience as transgender is seen based on the dynamics that occur in the lives of each subject. The results showed that each subject had a discrepancy between their gender identity and their biological gender identity and had different fluctuations since childhood, continued to develop as adults, but both chose to cover up their gender identity for fear of the consequences. This research can be used for additional information on health administration and education in educating the public about transgender needs. The results showed that the two subjects had similar meanings but different experiences.Individu transgender adalah individu yang identitas gendernya berbeda dengan jenis kelamin biologis yang terberi, sehingga pemaknaan terhadap identitas gender dengan jenis kelamin biologisnya juga mengalami perbedaan dan seringkali memberikan penglaman yang tidak sederhana bagi individu tersebut. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran pemaknaan dan penglaman sebagai seorang transgender. Pendekatan kualitatif dilakukan terhadap satu orang transgender female to male dan satu orang transgender male to female yang dipilih secara purposive. Data untuk penelitian ini diperoleh dari wawancara semi terstruktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua subjek memiliki pemaknaan yang serupa namun pengalaman yang berbeda.

Challenges and Distortions of Translating Grammatical Gender in Literary Texts: Julio Cortázar Translated into Various European Languages

With a focus on various translations of the short story ‘Historia con migalas’ by one of the most renowned Latin American writers, the Argentinian author Julio Cortázar, this article describes and exemplifies numerous translational problems with respect to grammatical gender. In spite of the difficulties in Spanish of entirely avoiding gender/ sex references, Cortázar deliberately endeavours (successfully) to hide the gender of the protagonist couple by tricking the reader into a heterosexual, stereotypical mindset until, at the end of the story, he reveals that the couple consists of two women, forcing the reader to reanalyse and reinterpret the entire story. As this article shows, not all translators seem to be aware of Cortázar’s subtle play with grammatical gender, and vice versa - in this case - biological gender and, therefore, entirely miss the quintessence of the story. A relevant question that arises is whether it is possible in the languages under consideration to translate this playing with gender at all, or whether constraints as to the structure of the languages impede it (for example, differences between grammatical gender and natural gender languages). Finally, some evidence is brought forward to address the question of how the (mis)translated short stories were received by reviewers.

Horse and Mare in English, Kazakh and Russian Language Pictures of the World

The purpose of the article is to compare the linguocultural meanings of the zoomorphic image of a horse / mare. The horse / mare is an important constituent of life, as indicated by the significant amount of vocabulary assigned to the names of this animal in the compared language pictures of the world, the variety of manifestations of the horse in human life, the role in the agricultural, military, and domestic spheres. Six main areas were identified where vocabulary related to the vital activity, functioning of horses, their biological and physiological characteristics is usedas a result of the analysis of three linguistic cultures shows: biological gender; age; breed; horse suit; allures – types of horse movement; location and conditions of detention. The asymmetry of the implementation of linguocultural meanings in the studied language pictures of the world is noted. The thematic group "Biological gender" combines 25 signs. The thematic group "Age" includes 14 signs. The thematic group "Breed" consists of 11 signs. The thematic group "Color of the horse" includes 18 signs. The thematic group "Allures – types of horse movement" comprises 8 signs. In the thematic group "Place and Conditions of Detention" 10 signs are presented. The article contains 6 tables to illustrate the comparison. The lexical units of the English, Kazakh, and Russian languages are described, the differential features of the analyzed words and phrases with the meaning "horse", "mare" are established, the results of a comparative study of three linguocultures are summarized.

Der onymische Artikel im Schweizerdeutschen in seiner Funktion als Genusmarker

In Swiss German dialects first names are commonly used with a preceding article. Historically, the function of these so-called onymic articles was to show the name’s case. They first arose when inflection of first names had been omitted and case was thus no longer expressed in suffixes. The data gathered in 2016 in an online survey for the research project “Das Anna und ihr Hund” indicate that today the function of reflecting the case is hardly relevant. However, it is important to the speakers to emphasize the nameʼs grammatical gender. The three grammatical genders in (Swiss) German are feminine, masculine, and neuter. Typically, the ono­nymic articles’ grammatical gender corresponds to their referents’ biological gender, i. e. feminine articles for women’s names, masculine articles for men’s names. But sometimes neuter articles are used with female or, less often, with male names. Therefore, the same first name can have different grammatical genders that are indicated with an onymic article, e. g. d Anna (f.) or s Anna (n.). The choice of the article depends on the speaker, the situation, the referent, and other factors. Based on these observations, it is argued that marking grammatical gender is the onymic article’s main function and marking case is secondary.

“What condition will not miserable men accept?”: Hegemonic Masculinity in John Lyly’s Galatea

Studies of gender in John Lyly’s pastoral comedy Galatea (1592) have primarily focused on the queer potential of the female-to-male (FTM) crossdressing plot. While the critical focus on same-sex love and gender fluidity in the play has been evocative, it has understated the importance of hegemonic masculinity and biological gender determinism in the play. Neptune, Tityrus, and Melibeus, for example, reveal that their ways of being male are actually in competition with each other, quite inflexible, and closely monitored by the other men in the play. Moreover, while Phillida and Galatea become queer when they fall in love with each other, they begin the story with a view of gender as natural and immutable; they come to see gender as mutable only after Venus offers to perform the “unpossible” (5.3.154) to turn one of them into a man. This article will use R. W. Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity to argue that Neptune represents a rigid formation of hegemonic masculinity, and that Melibeus and Tityrus represent an ascendant form of hegemonic masculinity.

The Evaluation of Cohesion in the Sports Groups within a Romanian City

We propose to conduct an analysis, by studying the influences exercised by certain variables (the biological gender, the ranking and the sociomotor space) on the level of cohesion among the sports teams in the municipality of Iaşi, Romania, evolving in the first leagues. A questionnaire was conducted on a number of 158 athletes (55 females, 103 males) who practice basketball, soccer, handball, rugby, volleyball. The responders answered the questionnaire regarding the group environment (GEQ). Factor analysis groups the items on two factors at the level of the Romanian subjects. The homogeneity of the instrument was evaluated for the entire scale, as well as independently for each of the two factors. The gender variable does not influence the level of social cohesion and the one of task cohesion among the sports teams taken into account. The ranking does not influence task cohesion among the teams studied. Both the ranking and the level of sociomotor space, as independent variables, determine significant differences regarding the level of social cohesion among the teams studied. The sociomotor space variable determines at the level of the teams sportive studied significant differences also regarding task cohesion.

Mistakes in gender categorization in speech production of foreigners studying Russian

The failure to determine the grammatical gender category of adjectives, ordinal numerals and possessive pronouns in the speech production of foreigners representing a monoethnic (Chinese) group of students is considered from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. The analysis of the written works and oral statements of students studying Russian as a foreign language reveals a mechanism that leads to typical mistakes in this aspect of Russian grammar. Categorization by gender of nouns occurs through cognitive mechanisms of correlation and comparison, namely: by biological gender – motivated, by formal attribute – unmotivated; categorization by gender of adjectives, possessive pronouns and ordinal numerals, as the categorization of secondary (unmotivated) features, is absent for foreign residents. Accordingly, for a foreigner, a cognizable category that does not have an ontological character becomes a difficult obstacle to overcome at the initial stage of language learning.