Birds-of-Paradise (Paradisaeidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Winkler ◽  
Shawn M. Billerman ◽  
Irby J. Lovette
Keyword(s):  
Birds Of Paradise

scholarly journals Evolution of correlated complexity in the radically different courtship signals of birds-of-paradise

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell A. Ligon ◽  
Christopher D. Diaz ◽  
Janelle L. Morano ◽  
Jolyon Troscianko ◽  
Martin Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Innovation ◽  
Birds Of Paradise ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Ornaments used in courtship often vary wildly among species, reflecting the evolutionary interplay between mate preference functions and the constraints imposed by natural selection. Consequently, understanding the evolutionary dynamics responsible for ornament diversification has been a longstanding challenge in evolutionary biology. However, comparing radically different ornaments across species, as well as different classes of ornaments within species, is a profound challenge to understanding diversification of sexual signals. Using novel methods and a unique natural history dataset, we explore evolutionary patterns of ornament evolution in a group - the birds-of-paradise - exhibiting dramatic phenotypic diversification widely assumed to be driven by sexual selection. Rather than the tradeoff between ornament types originally envisioned by Darwin and Wallace, we found positive correlations among cross-modal (visual/acoustic) signals indicating functional integration of ornamental traits into a composite unit - the courtship phenotype. Furthermore, given the broad theoretical and empirical support for the idea that systemic robustness - functional overlap and interdependency - promotes evolutionary innovation, we posit that birds-of-paradise have radiated extensively through ornamental phenotype space as a consequence of the robustness in the courtship phenotype that we document at a phylogenetic scale. We suggest that the degree of robustness in courtship phenotypes among taxa can provide new insights into the relative influence of sexual and natural selection on phenotypic radiations.Author SummaryAnimals frequently vary widely in ornamentation, even among closely related species. Understanding the patterns that underlie this variation is a significant challenge, requiring comparisons among drastically different traits - like comparing apples to oranges. Here, we use novel analytical approaches to quantify variation in ornamental diversity and richness across the wildly divergent birds-of-paradise, a textbook example of how sexual selection can profoundly shape organismal phenotypes. We find that color and acoustic complexity, along with behavior and acoustic complexity, are positively correlated across evolutionary time-scales. Positive covariation among ornament classes suggests that selection is acting on correlated suites of traits - a composite courtship phenotype - and that this integration may be partially responsible for the extreme variation we see in birds-of-paradise.

scholarly journals LEMBAGA KONSERVASI SATWA DALAM PERSPEKTIF PERDAGANGAN SATWA ILEGAL

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 406
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ayu Pradnya Swari Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Animal Diversity ◽  
Birds Of Paradise ◽  
The Government ◽  
P 53 ◽  
Main Factor

Indonesia is a country that is very rich its animal diversity, but is also know as a countrythat has a long list of endangered wildlife. The destruction of forests, the transfer function of over-harvesting and the destruction of their habitat is the main factor that threatens the extinction of wildlife. Forests as house a wide variety of wildlife is no longer able to protect the exixtence of wildlife due to habitat destruction. Various rare species endemic in Indonesia such as Sumateran tigers, one-horned rhino, the Javan hawk eagle, dragons, birds of paradise and other animals gravely threatened. Illegal wildlife trade proses a serious threat to the preservation of the wildlife. The wildlife illegally traded most are cought from the wild and not of capativity. By law the government efforts to protect endangered species from extinction is done with the issuance of Law No. 5 of 1990 on Conservation of Natural Resources and ecosystems followedby the enactment of Minister of Forestry Number : P.53/Menhut-II/2006 on Conservation. Public education to raise public awareness of the importance of wildlife conservation play an important role in wildlife conservation. Institutions ex-situ conservation becomes a toggle while during their forests in the rescue effort should be able to give life maximum for wildlife with regard to ethics and the rules of animal welfare so that the function and purpose of conservation agencies as a place of education, research and development of science can be fixed accomplished. Indonesia merupakan negara yang sangat kaya dengan keanekaragaman satwanya, namun dikenal juga sebagai negara yang memiliki daftar panjang tentang satwa liar yang terancam punah. Perusakan hutan, pengalihan fungsi hutan yang berlebihan serta rusaknya habitat mereka merupakan faktor utama yang mengancam punahnya satwa liar tersebut. Hutan sebagai rumah berbagai macam satwa liar tidak lagi mampu melindungi keberadaan satwa akibat perusakan habitatnya. Berbagai satwa endemik yang langka di Indonesia seperti harimau Sumatera, badak bercula satu, elang jawa, komodo, burung cendrawasih dan satwa-satwa lainnya keberadaannya terancam punah. Secara hukum upaya pemerintah dalam melindungi satwa langka dari ancaman kepunahan dilakukan dengan dikeluarkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya selanjutnya diikuti dengan ditetapkannya Peraturan Mentri Kehutanan Nomor : P.53/Menhut-II/2006 tentang Lembaga Konservasi. Edukasi kepada masyarakat untuk meningkatkan kesadaran publik akan pentingnya pelestarian satwa liar memainkan peranan penting dalam pelestarian satwa liar. Lembaga konservasi ex-situ menjadi tempat tiggal sementara selama hutan mereka dalam upaya penyelamatan harus mampu memberikan kehidupan yang maksimal bagi satwa liar tersebut dengan tetap memperhatikan etika dan kaidah kesejahteraan satwa sehingga fungsi dan tujuan lembaga konservasi sebagai tempat pendidikan, penelitian dan pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dapat tetap terlaksana.

Frugivory and Polygamy in Birds of Paradise

The Auk ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Beehler
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Frugivorous Birds ◽  
Behavioral Adaptations ◽  
Birds Of Paradise ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract I studied fruit-feeding by nine species of birds of paradise in Papua New Guinea from July 1978 through November 1980 and gathered 1,187 records of foraging at 31 species of trees and vines from 14 botanical families. Fruit consumed was consistently small-to moderate-sized (mean: 1 cm diameter), but fruit of different species of plants showed high morphological diversity. I classify the fruit of 31 plant species into three morphological groups: capsule, fig, and drupe/berry. Each of the primarily frugivorous birds of paradise was recorded taking fruits from 10-21 plant species, including representatives from each class. The monogamous Trumpet Manucode and Crinkle-collared Manucode were fig specialists. More than 80% of their diet was figs. The polygamous species of paradisaeids were more "generalized" fruit-feeders and took significant amounts of fruit from all three morphological categories. The most important types of fruit among the polygamous birds were capsular species (49% of diet). While fig species were visited by birds from many families, most nonfig trees hosted a narrower range of foragers, and two species of trees, Chisocheton weinlandii (Meliaceae) and Gastonia spectabilis (Araliaceae), were visited only by birds of paradise. The frugivorous habits of birds of paradise are similar in several respects to those of the neotropical cotingids and manakins. It is argued that while frugivory is an important component of the evolution of polygamous arena display in these birds, it cannot, by itself, explain why some birds are polygamous and others monogamous. Frugivory in the tropics is a complex syndrome that offers a number of ecological alternatives that, in turn, promote different behavioral adaptations.

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