scholarly journals LEPTIN: FROM APPETITE SUPPRESSION TO AUTOIMMUNITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Milica Ranđelović ◽  
Tatjana M. Jevtović-Stoimenov
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
Appetite Suppression ◽  
Regulatory T Lymphocytes ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Satiety Hormone ◽  
T Cell Maturation ◽  
Current Energy

The hormone leptin is released by adipocytes accordingly to current energy stores to suppress appetite. Apart from this, leptin acts as a proinflammatory cytokine and strongly stimulates  inflammation. Immune-modulating properties are partly achieved by affecting T-cell maturation, polarization, and viability. Leptin rises inflammatory cells count, increases proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and impairs regulatory T-lymphocytes differentiation. Leptin secretion and signalization disturbances have recently started to be observed in the context of autoimmunity.  In this review, we discuss signaling pathways affected by the satiety hormone, its effect on T-lymphocyte maturation, differentiation and polarization, and relation to other immune-modulating agents. In the end, we highlight the rising evidence connecting hyperleptinemia state which is almost always related to obesity, with autoimmune disorders and take a brief overview of possible mechanisms behind leptin’s potency to induce self-reactivity.

T-lymphocyte maturation abnormalities in uninfected newborns and children with vertical exposure to HIV

Blood ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 3866-3871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Clerici ◽  
Marina Saresella ◽  
Fulvia Colombo ◽  
Sabrina Fossati ◽  
Natascia Sala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Clinical Events ◽  
Hiv Women ◽  
T Cell Maturation ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Cell-mediated immunity and T-lymphocyte maturation are impaired in HIV-infected children. These abnormalities would be detected in HIV-uninfected offspring of HIV women (seroreverters [SR]) if HIV or its soluble proteins could cross the placental barrier. Immunophenotypic analyses were performed in 20 healthy HIV-uninfected newborns of HIV-infected mothers (SR), and in 14 healthy newborns of HIV-negative women (UC). The same analyses were performed in 3 groups of older children: SR (n = 41); UC (n = 15); and HIV-infected children (n = 25). Antigen-specific cells were evaluated with ELISpot and fluorimetric analyses; IL-7 serum concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that in SR newborns: (1) the CD4/CD8 ratio was reduced, (2) CD4+ and CD8+ naive T-cell percentages were decreased, (3) percentage of activated CD8+ T cells was increased, and (4) percentages of CD3+/4−/8− (DN) and DN/25−/44+ were augmented. These abnormalities were partially retained in older SR children. CD4+ and CD8+ HIV-specific cells were detected in a portion of newborn SRs but not in older SRs. Serum IL-7 was augmented both in newborn and older SRs. Cell-mediated immunity and T-cell maturation are altered even in HIV-uninfected newborns of HIV-infected mothers; these abnormalities persist over time. The biologic significance of these observations and potential subsequent clinical events should be investigated in larger cohorts of seroreverters.

T-lymphocyte maturation abnormalities in uninfected newborns and children with vertical exposure to HIV

Blood ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 3866-3871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Clerici ◽  
Marina Saresella ◽  
Fulvia Colombo ◽  
Sabrina Fossati ◽  
Natascia Sala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Clinical Events ◽  
Hiv Women ◽  
T Cell Maturation ◽  
Hiv Negative

Cell-mediated immunity and T-lymphocyte maturation are impaired in HIV-infected children. These abnormalities would be detected in HIV-uninfected offspring of HIV women (seroreverters [SR]) if HIV or its soluble proteins could cross the placental barrier. Immunophenotypic analyses were performed in 20 healthy HIV-uninfected newborns of HIV-infected mothers (SR), and in 14 healthy newborns of HIV-negative women (UC). The same analyses were performed in 3 groups of older children: SR (n = 41); UC (n = 15); and HIV-infected children (n = 25). Antigen-specific cells were evaluated with ELISpot and fluorimetric analyses; IL-7 serum concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that in SR newborns: (1) the CD4/CD8 ratio was reduced, (2) CD4+ and CD8+ naive T-cell percentages were decreased, (3) percentage of activated CD8+ T cells was increased, and (4) percentages of CD3+/4−/8− (DN) and DN/25−/44+ were augmented. These abnormalities were partially retained in older SR children. CD4+ and CD8+ HIV-specific cells were detected in a portion of newborn SRs but not in older SRs. Serum IL-7 was augmented both in newborn and older SRs. Cell-mediated immunity and T-cell maturation are altered even in HIV-uninfected newborns of HIV-infected mothers; these abnormalities persist over time. The biologic significance of these observations and potential subsequent clinical events should be investigated in larger cohorts of seroreverters.

Skewed T-cell maturation and function in HIV-infected patients failing CD4+ recovery upon long-term virologically suppressive HAART

AIDS ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1455-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Marchetti ◽  
Lidia Gazzola ◽  
Daria Trabattoni ◽  
Francesca Bai ◽  
Giuseppe Ancona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
And Function ◽  
T Cell Maturation

scholarly journals Low Ligand Requirement for Deletion and Lack of Synapses in Positive Selection Enforce the Gauntlet of Thymic T Cell Maturation

Immunity ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 734-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J.R. Ebert ◽  
Lauren I. Richie Ehrlich ◽  
Mark M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
T Cell Maturation

Pax1 is expressed during development of the thymus epithelium and is required for normal T-cell maturation

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wallin ◽  
H. Eibel ◽  
A. Neubuser ◽  
J. Wilting ◽  
H. Koseki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Cell Maturation ◽  
Thymic Epithelial Cells ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Thymic Development ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory ◽  
Thymus Cells ◽  
T Cell Maturation ◽  
Third Pharyngeal Pouch

Pax1 is a transcriptional regulatory protein expressed during mouse embryogenesis and has been shown to have an important function in vertebral column development. Expression of Pax1 mRNA in the embryonic thymus has been reported previously. Here we show that Pax1 protein expression in thymic epithelial cells can be detected throughout thymic development and in the adult. Expression starts in the early endodermal epithelium lining the foregut region and includes the epithelium of the third pharyngeal pouch, a structure giving rise to part of the thymus epithelium. In early stages of thymus development a large proportion of thymus cells expresses Pax1. With increasing age, the proportion of Pax1-expressing cells is reduced and in the adult mouse only a small fraction of cortical thymic stromal cells retains strong Pax1 expression. Expression of Pax1 in thymus epithelium is necessary for establishing the thymus microenvironment required for normal T cell maturation. Mutations in the Pax-1 gene in undulated mice affect not only the total size of the thymus but also the maturation of thymocytes. The number of thymocytes is reduced about 2- to 5-fold, affecting mainly the CD4+8+ immature and CD4+ mature thymocyte subsets. The expression levels of major thymocyte surface markers remains unchanged with the exception of Thy-1 which was found to be expressed at 3- to 4-fold higher levels.

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