scholarly journals Reduction in Non-Revenue Water in Water Distribution System

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 2771-2777
Author(s):  
Gaurav Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Problem Analysis ◽  
City Development ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
The World ◽  
Non Revenue Water

Water is the world’s most critical natural resource. Rapid population growth and economic development have led to higher demand for water worldwide whereas on the supply side, natural sources of water have become less reliable. This demand-supply imbalance in the water sector calls for more innovative water management practices and suitable technologies. Utilities cannot afford the water loss because of poor operation and maintenance of water distribution infrastructure facilities. The terms theft, smuggling and leakages are most common sources of generation of Non- revenue water (NRW). Newspaper articles around the world, particularly in countries experiencing intense drought and water shortages, are highlighting water theft as a growing problem. Analysis of various city development plans in India shows that water leakages, theft and unauthorized water connections gives rise to a high level of unaccounted water. A recent study on Water Governance (2013) reveals that unaccounted water in Delhi amounts to around 50% of the total water pumped into the system, whereas it is 35-40% in Hyderabad and Bengaluru. The World Bank in its report, ‘The Challenge of Reducing Non-Revenue Water in Developing Countries’, reveals that 48 million cubic meters of drinkable water escape daily from official supply networks, which is enough to provide water for 200 million people. The same report on India had clearly highlighted that 40-60% of water in Mumbai is lost through illegal diversion. In This paper we have made an attempt to analyze the current methods, their drawbacks and we have provided solution in the form of software-based approach (using Bentley Watergems) which is more relevant as compared to the current field method.

The Water Supply and Distribution System of the Nabataean City of Petra (Jordan), 300 bc– ad 300

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Ortloff
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
City Development ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
Design Function

The water supply and distribution system of the Nabataean city of Petra in southwestern Jordan has been explored and mapped. Analysis of the system indicates exploitation of all possible water resources using management techniques that balance reservoir storage capacity with continuous flow pipeline systems to maintain a constant water supply throughout the year. Nabataean Petra was founded c. 300 bc; urban development progressed with later Roman administration of the city starting at ad 106; Byzantine occupation continued to the seventh century ad. Trade networks that extended throughout much of the ancient Near East and Mediterranean world intersected at Petra, and brought not only strategic and economic prominence, but also impetus to develop water resources fully to sustain demands of increasing population and city elaboration. City development was influenced by artistic, cultural and technological borrowings from Seleucid, Syro-Phoenician, Greek and Roman civilizations; the Petra water-distribution system included hydraulic technologies derived from these contacts as well as original technical innovations that helped to maintain the high living standard of city dwellers throughout the centuries. Analysis of the Nabataean water network indicates design criteria that promote stable flows and use sequential particle-settling basins to purify potable water supplies. They also promote open channel flows within piping at critical (maximum) flow rates that avoid leakage associated with pressurized systems and have the design function to match the spring supply rate to the maximum carrying capacity of a pipeline. This demonstration of engineering capability indicates a high degree of cognitive skill in solving complex hydraulic problems to ensure a stable water supply and may be posited as a key reason behind the many centuries of flourishing city life.

scholarly journals Mercury Speciation in the Water Distribution System of Skiathos Island, Greece

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 668
Author(s):  
Alexandra Spyropoulou ◽  
Yannis G. Lazarou ◽  
Chrysi Laspidou
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Groundwater Salinization ◽  
The World ◽  
Standard Set

In recent years, mercury (Hg) concentration that exceeds the Maximum Contaminant Level Standard set by the World Health Organisation for drinking water has been detected in the groundwater of Skiathos Island in Greece. The island single source of urban water is groundwater; as a result, tap water has been characterised as unsafe for drinking and people rely on bottled water for their everyday needs. The origin and speciation of Hg in the aquifer is investigated with the use of the Pourbaix diagram, while the possible correlation with groundwater salinization due to seawater intrusion is examined.

scholarly journals Performance evaluation of water supply services in Chitungwiza: How water supply services mirrors poor governance and lack of management

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luckson Zvobgo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
Water Supply Services

Background: Provision of reliable water services is crucial for urban livelihood. In Chitungwiza, provision of water services has been deteriorating since the millennium with residents losing hope for better services. The poor supply of municipal water in Chitungwiza has led to a chronic ‘dry taps situation’ where household taps are dry from periods of several consecutive days to months.Aim: This article assesses the water supply challenges in Chitungwiza through performance evaluation of the water supply services.Setting: The study was conducted in 26 suburbs in the four residential zones of Chitungwiza Municipality.Methods: Performance evaluation of water supply services was carried out using seven performance indicators: coverage of water supply connection, extent of metering of water connections, presence of leakages, extent of non-revenue water, continuity of water supply, quality of water supplied and efficiency in redressal of customer complaints. Two hundred and ninety-eight semi-structured questionnaires were administered in four residential zones of Chitungwiza. Water distribution system surveillance and key informant interviews were also conducted.Results: The results indicate high non-revenue water, poor water infrastructure maintenance, lack of water investment leading to widespread leakages in the distribution system, poor water quality supply and unreliable services provision. A majority, 80.2%, rated the municipal water supply services as poor. To cope with this new reality, households in Chitungwiza implemented a ‘source switch’ to new sources.Conclusion: Household shallow wells were identified as the main adapting strategy with 51.7% households relying on wells despite concerns about the water quality of the wells. Chitungwiza municipality should implement structural reforms that allow the current water service provision to improve.

The Ancient Middle East

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Ortloff
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
City Development ◽  
City Life ◽  
City Water ◽  
Piping Networks ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

The origins of Nabataean Petra began c. 300 BCE from nomadic settlement origins and extended to later Roman administration of the city at 106 CE with final Byzantine occupation (Basile 2000) to the 7th century CE. Trade networks that extended throughout much of the ancient orient and Mediterranean world intersected at Petra and brought not only strategic and economic prominence but also the impetus to develop water resources to sustain increasing population and city elaboration demands. City development was influenced by architectural, cultural, and technological borrowings from Seleucid, Syro-Phoenician, Greek, Roman, and Far Eastern civilizations. The city water distribution system utilized many hydraulic technologies derived from these contacts that together with original technical innovations helped to maintain a high living standard throughout the centuries. Analysis of Nabataean piping networks indicates that design criteria were employed that promoted stable flows within piping, employed sequential particle settling basins to purify potable water supplies, promoted open-channel flow within piping at critical (maximum) flow rates that avoided leakage associated with pressurized systems, and matched spring supply rates to the maximum carrying capacity of pipelines. This demonstration of engineering capability indicated a high degree of skill in solving complex hydraulics problems to ensure a stable water supply and is a key reason behind the many centuries of flourishing city life. Because of Petra’s location between Egyptian, Babylonian, and Assyrian territories, many exterior influences dominated the Nabataean cultural landscape over time. The sacred spring created by Moses, as described in Exodus accounts, has been equated with the Ain Mousa spring outside of Petra although controversy exists as to its location (and historical accuracy) with contending Sinai sites. Biblical and Koranic references to areas around Petra relate to the use of water channels and springs by the inhabitants to maintain agriculture and settlements; Assyrian texts ascribed to the Sargonic era (715 BCE) mention tent cities in this area. The earliest proto-Nabataean period (6th century BCE) is derived from Edomite agriculturalists assimilating with nomadic tribal groups familiar with caravan-based trade activities. Although the origins of the Nabataeans remain controversial (Gleuck 1959, 1965; Taylor 2001; Guzzo and Schneider 2002), their final consolidation in areas around Petra in the early 3rd century BCE is evident from the archaeological record.

Analysis of water governance in Malawi: towards a favourable enabling environment?

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quinex W. Chiluwe ◽  
Bimo Nkhata
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Enabling Environment ◽  
International Water ◽  
Effective Water ◽  
National Water

This paper examines the enabling environment for effective water governance in Malawi by specifically determining the extent to which the water acts and policies of Malawi reflect international water governance principles of participation, accountability and transparency. It is argued that governance issues determine the extent to which sound and equitable water sharing is achieved among competing uses. Despite the fact that Malawi has vast freshwater resources, the country experiences chronic water shortages in some parts; this is due to disparities in water distribution to the extent that the country has been classified to be going towards water stress by 2025. In this study, it was found that the Water Resources Act of 1969, which is currently being used by the country has not clearly set the scene for good water governance. This is despite a number of treaties on water resources management that the country has ratified. However, despite the failure to update the archaic Act of 1969, the country has taken some important strides such as the development of the National Water Policy of 2005. This policy attempts to espouse key governance prerequisites required to improve the country's capacity to deal with the impeding water crisis situation.

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