Re-discovering Evolution: A National Literature between Tautology and Renewal

This article attempts to analyze the evolution of literary thinking as a key concept in the systematic study of a national literature. Methodological requirements to describe literary dynamics as completely as possible prompt a rediscovery of the evolutionary principle, which can be characterized both as an open system of meaning-making and a dialectic of the constant and the changeable contingent on the temporal factor. The focus of this paper is on transitional states, borderline phenomena, semantic recoding, the release of new possibilities of a national literature, and explosive points of literary development when artistic discovery is perceived as a breakthrough challenging inertial normativity. The article reconstructs concepts of A. Bergson, G. Gukovsky, and especially Yu. Tynyanov who developed the notion of “literature as a system” in its natural relation to literary evolution.

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Quantitative parallel EELS spectrum imaging developed as a new tool in AEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010013064x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1202-1203

Author(s):

Gianluigi Botton ◽

Gilles L'espérance

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Spatial Resolution ◽

Personal Computer ◽

Systematic Study ◽

Present Author ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Detection Limits ◽

Research Groups ◽

Quantitative Performance ◽

Spectrum Imaging

As interest for parallel EELS spectrum imaging grows in laboratories equipped with commercial spectrometers, different approaches were used in recent years by a few research groups in the development of the technique of spectrum imaging as reported in the literature. Either by controlling, with a personal computer both the microsope and the spectrometer or using more powerful workstations interfaced to conventional multichannel analysers with commercially available programs to control the microscope and the spectrometer, spectrum images can now be obtained. Work on the limits of the technique, in terms of the quantitative performance was reported, however, by the present author where a systematic study of artifacts detection limits, statistical errors as a function of desired spatial resolution and range of chemical elements to be studied in a map was carried out The aim of the present paper is to show an application of quantitative parallel EELS spectrum imaging where statistical analysis is performed at each pixel and interpretation is carried out using criteria established from the statistical analysis and variations in composition are analyzed with the help of information retreived from t/γ maps so that artifacts are avoided.

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