Treatment of Civilian Alien Enemies

1943 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Scale Problem ◽  
Large Scale Problem ◽  
Positive Action ◽  
Safety Considerations ◽  
Past Effort ◽  
At Home

A large-scale problem for the principal belligerents in the present war is that of the treatment of civilians of enemy nationality in their respective jurisdictions. Measured in terms of the number of human beings involved, national safety considerations, and the possibly unfortunate effect at home of mishandling it, the problem assumes far-reaching importance. There is need for clear law as well as positive action. There is need for perspective. In relation to international law, the distinctiveness of the classification of “civilian alien enemy,” past effort looking to the construction of internationally binding rules prescribing treatment, and practice in the current war, merit attention.

New insights into one-norm solvers from the Pareto curve

Geophysics ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. A23-A26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Hennenfent ◽  
Ewout van den Berg ◽  
Michael P. Friedlander ◽  
Felix J. Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Problem ◽  
Objective Criterion ◽  
Prior Model ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Large Scale Problem ◽  
Pareto Curve

Geophysical inverse problems typically involve a trade-off between data misfit and some prior model. Pareto curves trace the optimal trade-off between these two competing aims. These curves are used commonly in problems with two-norm priors in which they are plotted on a log-log scale and are known as L-curves. For other priors, such as the sparsity-promoting one-norm prior, Pareto curves remain relatively unexplored. We show how these curves lead to new insights into one-norm regularization. First, we confirm theoretical properties of smoothness and convexity of these curves from a stylized and a geophysical example. Second, we exploit these crucial properties to approximate the Pareto curve for a large-scale problem. Third, we show how Pareto curves provide an objective criterion to gauge how different one-norm solvers advance toward the solution.

Coastal Erosion at Keta Lagoon, Ghana – Large Scale Solution to a Large Scale Problem

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.B. Nairn ◽  
K.J. MacIntosh ◽  
M. O. Hayes ◽  
G. Nai ◽  
S.L. Anthonio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Problem ◽  
Large Scale Problem

International Administration of Holocaust Compensation: The International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims (ICHEIC)

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1651-1692
Author(s):  
Steven Less
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Status ◽  
Nazi Persecution ◽  
Second World

The most important change in public international law over the past century has been a re-direction of its focus exclusively on states to a broadened scope of subjects including, most importantly, individual human beings. This shift in the status of individuals may be directly traced to the widely acknowledged need, in the aftermath of the Second World War, for a more adequate response to the Holocaust and other large-scale atrocities than that offered by traditional international law. Substantive concerns led to the development of human rights law. Victims' demands for compensation or restitution for the material injuries caused by genocidal Nazi persecution spurred a parallel procedural revolution. The innovation lay in national and international recognition of individuals' rights to assert such claims on their own behalf against their own governments, foreign states and foreign private entities.

Enabling Multi-Robot Cooperative Additive Manufacturing: Centralized vs. Decentralized Approaches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saivipulteja Elagandula ◽  
Laxmi Poudel ◽  
Wenchao Zhou ◽  
Zhenghui Sha
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Problem ◽  
Problem Case ◽  
Large Scale Problem ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Multi Robot

Abstract This paper presents a decentralized approach based on a simple set of rules to carry out multi-robot cooperative 3D printing. Cooperative 3D printing is a novel approach to 3D printing that uses multiple mobile 3D printing robots to print a large part by dividing and assigning the part to multiple robots in parallel using the concept of chunk-based printing. The results obtained using the decentralized approach are then compared with those obtained from the centralized approach. Two case studies were performed to evaluate the performance of both approaches using makespan as the evaluation criterion. The first case is a small-scale problem with four printing robots and 20 chunks, whereas the second case study is a large-scale problem with ten printing robots and 200 chunks. The result shows that the centralized approach provides a better solution compared to the decentralized approach in both cases in terms of makespan. However, the gap between the solutions seems to shrink with the scale of the problem. While further study is required to verify this conclusion, the decrease in this gap indicates that the decentralized approach might compare favorably over the centralized approach for a large-scale problem in manufacturing using multiple mobile 3D printing robots. Additionally, the runtime for the large-scale problem (Case II) increases by 27-fold compared to the small-scale problem (Case I) for the centralized approach, whereas it only increased by less than 2-fold for the decentralized approach.

scholarly journals Putting the Pieces Back Together Again: Contest Webs for Large-Scale Problem Solving

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Malone ◽  
Jeffrey V. Nickerson ◽  
Robert Laubacher ◽  
Laur Hesse Fisher ◽  
Yue Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Problem ◽  
Large Scale Problem

Improved Crop Productivity Through Optimized Planting Schedules

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1165-1180
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Jayashankar M. Swaminathan
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimal Threshold ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Stochastic Dynamic ◽  
Scale Problem ◽  
Large Scale Problem ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Real Size

Problem definition: We study the optimal seeding policy under rainfall uncertainty in rain-fed agriculture and explore its advantage over commonly used heuristics in practice. Academic/practical relevance: Our work is in the area of agriculture operations, and we focus on the improvement of farmer’s expected total profit by optimizing planting schedules. Methodology: We model a farmer’s planting problem under limited planting capacity in a finite-horizon stochastic dynamic program. Results: We show that the optimal planting policy is a time-dependent, threshold-type policy, and the optimal threshold is dependent on the soil water content and planting capacity. In our computational study, we use the well-known Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer simulator used in agriculture to obtain the expected yield when planting in any given period. Utilizing field weather data from Southern Africa, in a real-size, large-scale problem, we demonstrate a significant relative profit advantage of the optimal planting schedule over commonly used heuristics in practice. We show that the relative advantage of the optimal policy increases as the climate condition becomes more severe for planting. We also develop a heuristic based on the secretary problem and demonstrate the increased efficacy of the secretary heuristic. Managerial implications: We show that the farmer should plant down to the optimal threshold of seed amount. However, in practice, farmers start to plant each year after observing enough cumulative rainfall. Utilizing field weather data, in a real-size, large-scale problem, we show significant improvement of the expected total profit if the farmer could adopt the optimal policy.

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