A Note on the Jewellery Listed in the Inventory of Manninni (CTH 504)

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Maxwell-Hyslop
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Detailed Assessment

The lack of stratified examples of Hittite jewellery emphasizes the importance of the evidence afforded by inventories such as the Inventory of Manninni recently published by Dr S. Košak. Although many of the words designating specific pieces of jewellery or goldwork cannot yet be translated, a study of the inventories combined with contemporary archaeological evidence can assist in forming a more detailed assessment of the products of Hittite jewellers and gold workers. It is possible to make some tentative suggestions concerning the identification of different types of jewellery mentioned in the Manninni inventory with reference to excavated pieces, some of which, although originating from sites beyond the area of direct Hittite influence yet can be dated to a period contemporary with or slightly earlier than the Hittite inventories. The Manninni inventory has been assigned to the 13th century B.C. by F. Kammenhuber but in Košak's view it could have been composed at any time during the later Hittite Empire.

Aboriginal rights and title for archaeologists: A history of archaeological evidence in Canadian litigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-241
Author(s):  
Erin A Hogg ◽  
John R Welch
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Aboriginal Rights ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aboriginal Title ◽  
Temporal Dimensions ◽  
Material Evidence

Archaeological evidence has been used to assess pre-contact occupation and use of land since the first modern Aboriginal title claim in Canada. Archaeology’s ability to alternately challenge, support, and add substantive spatial and temporal dimensions to oral histories and documentary histories makes it a crucial tool in the resolution of Aboriginal rights and title. This article assesses how archaeological evidence has been considered in Aboriginal rights and title litigation in Canada, both over time and in different types of cases. The examination indicates that archaeological data have been judged to be sufficient evidence of pre-contact occupation and use. However, some limitations inherent in archaeological data, especially challenges in archaeology’s capacities to demonstrate continuous occupation and exclude possibilities for co-occupation, mean that it is best used in conjunction with ethnographies, oral histories, and historical documents. So long as courts affirm that it is the sole material evidence of pre-contact occupation, archaeological data will continue to be considered in future litigation.

carpentry, Roman

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Adam
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Roman Architecture ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
Hydraulic Machines ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Complex Construction

The skilled work of the Roman carpenter (lignarius or tignarius faber) was essential to the construction of domestic and public buildings, creation of machines and structures for military purposes, and overcoming natural features. Composed in the 1st century bce, Vitruvius’s ten-book illustrated commentary on Roman architecture and architectural techniques, De architectura, comprises the primary textual evidence for the architectural techniques employed by Roman carpenters and engineers. In his various books, Vitruvius discusses the characteristics of different types of wood (supplemented by descriptions in Pliny’s Natural History); machines used on work sites, such as hoists and hydraulic machines; and covering frameworks for houses and the larger spans of basilicas and other massive public structures. For the latter, Roman carpenters devised the triangulated truss, a complex construction corroborated by surviving visual evidence. Archaeological evidence fills many gaps in Vitruvius’s coverage of practical carpentry methods and provides the only extant evidence for woodcutting and finishing implements, such as felling axes and handsaws. Houses at Pompeii and Herculaneum preserve traces of key carpentry techniques: timber framing, stairways, and load-bearing ceiling frameworks. The carpenter’s expertise also extended to shipbuilding and construction of strategic wooden bridges, most notably those erected during military campaigns under Caesar and later Trajan.

scholarly journals A Fruit Tree as an Identification Element of Ornamental Gardens Shaping in Croatia- Istria Ornamental Gardens Case

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Alka TURALIJA ◽  
Anica PERKOVIC ◽  
Jasenka VIZENTANER ◽  
Jasna AVDIC ◽  
Vladimir JUKIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Primary Determinant

A fruit tree has always been a determinant of an ornamental garden shaping in Croatia. From the 13th century onward an organized planting of fruit trees has been recorded. A total of 100 gardens in Istria have been analyzed , 50 of which were examined in the Istria interior, and 50 in the coastal area. Due to the shape and architectural style, 8 different types of gardens were determined and classified, by the location,  into three climatic-relief areas A, B and C. There were 7 types of ornamental gardens with a  fruit tree as a primary determinant of the garden, except one without it. Out of the 23 recorded fruit species, cherry, figs, grapes and olives have been mostly common  in the Istria interior whereas olives, Nespoli, figs and grapes have been known in the Istria coast.

scholarly journals Wandering wives or foreign fillies? The women of archaic Greek colonisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Harriet Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Magna Graecia ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New City ◽  
Geographical Scope

<p>Greek colonisation in the archaic period encompassed an enormous geographical area. But for all its prevalence, the textual evidence is limited in both quantity and quality and the archaeological evidence goes only some way towards helping decipher social change and ethnicity. These issues become even more apparent when considering the position of women in the new city foundations. Did Greek colonists take their own wives with them to their new homes? Were Greek women sent out at a later date once the colony had become established? Did Greek colonists intermarry with indigenous women on arrival? Or did something else happen, including a mix of these options? The weight of scholarly opinion currently falls in favour of intermarriage, though frequently little evidence is proffered to support this view. This thesis focuses on this hypothesis and examines the evidence (or lack thereof) to support this conclusion.  Chapter One examines the problems associated with archaic Greek colonisation generally, particularly those issues connected with the ‘language of colonisation’. The study of Greek colonisation has been complicated by imprecise and ambiguous terminology, which frequently draws comparison with more modern (although altogether different) instances of the phenomenon. A major repercussion of this is the tendency to overlook both women and any indigenous peoples. The opening chapter also examines the various reasons behind the foundation of colonies, as well as the different types of settlements, so that an assessment can be made as to whether Greek women might have been more likely to accompany colonising expeditions in some instances over others. Chapter Two looks at the concept of intermarriage more closely and assesses Greek attitudes towards foreign women. It also evaluates the evidence typically called upon by scholars to argue for and against intermarriage in Greek colonisation. Chapter Three assesses the evidence for the presence of women in ten different colonies. Presented roughly in chronological order, these colonies were selected for their geographical scope, covering different regions from the Western Mediterranean, Magna Graecia, North Africa, and the Black Sea. This discussion explores both the literary and archaeological evidence (where possible) for each of these colonies and assesses the potential for intermarriage. This thesis demonstrates that broad conclusions about intermarriage as a widespread practice are unsustainable and concludes that colonisation in the archaic period cannot be considered a uniform phenomenon.</p>

scholarly journals Cultural Landscape Assessment: The Rural Architectural Heritage (13th–17th Centuries) in Mediterranean Valleys of Marina Alta, Spain

Buildings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Alba Soler-Estrela
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Exceptional Value ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Specific Contribution

Europe’s cultural heritage is a rich and diverse legacy that shows evolution through many centuries of history. The Mediterranean landscape is the result of a long process of human activity in the physical environment, which makes the cultural landscape concept remarkable. Despite its growing interest, most cases are still exposed to different types of threats that can compromise their permanence. Given cultural variety, its consideration requires a multidisciplinary approach to provide scientific knowledge and to assess its values from different points of view (e.g., territorial, historical, technical, artistic, etc.). The valleys of Marina Alta are a most interesting example of different periods of history, from prehistory to recent rural life. Mountain conditions have favoured the survival of rural heritage, which is not that affected by the threat of better communicated areas and can be consider a place of exceptional value. In this context, our paper focuses on houses and hamlets of a Muslim origin that date back to at least the 13th century according to archival documents. Scattered in valleys, they are essential to understand historic transformations. They are directly related to the natural environment, are located in and have adapted to mountains to obtain small farming areas with small irrigated areas. Given their present state of ruin, an architectural assessment is needed to recognise the values and threats, and to make proposals for their conservation as a specific contribution to be considered part of an interdisciplinary vision.

La Roundele, Berwick-upon-Tweed

2020 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Catherine Kent
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Secondary Use ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similar Complex

A late 13th-century survey of Berwick-upon-Tweed includes an entry entitled ‘la Roundele’. It has not previously been interpreted satisfactorily but this paper shows it to have been a large circular site, in a secondary use by the time of the survey, at the head of the town’s early beachside marketplace. It is argued that the site’s shape, size and ability to survive in the changing townscape means that it originated in a substantial earlier structure – such as a broch or similar complex Atlantic roundhouse. The proposition accords with what is known of the early history of the Tweed estuary and southern brochs in general. Archaeological evidence for the structure may survive beneath later buildings.   Canmore ID 25990

scholarly journals THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE FUNERARY COMPLEXES OF THE ZMEYSKIY CATACOMB CEMETERY REVISITED

2021 ◽  
pp. 360-377
Author(s):  
М. А. Бакушев ◽  
А. В. Борисов ◽  
О. П. Доброва ◽  
А. С. Леонтьева
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Central Caucasus ◽  
Religious Factors

При изучении катакомбных позднеаланских некрополей Центрального Кавказа, одним из которых является Змейский катакомбный могильник, наиболее остро стоит вопрос хронологии. В данной статье затрагивается тема хронологии погребальных комплексов Змейского катакомбного могильника. Для решения этого вопроса были взяты для радиоуглеродного датирования образцы костей животных из погребений на разных участках могильника. Анализ показал диапазон с конца X до начала XIII в., однако на основании датировки отдельных предметов верхней датой существования могильника следует считать конец XIII в. В заключение делается вывод о нескольких первоначальных центрах роста могильника, об уменьшении количества инвентаря в погребениях, что, возможно, связано с религиозными факторами, а также о синхронности различных типов погребальных сооружений. When studying the late Alanic catacomb necropolises of the Central Caucasus, one of which is the Zmeiskiy catacomb cemetery, the issue of chronology is most important. The paper raises an issue of chronology of burial assemblages of the Zmeyskiy catacomb cemetery. To address this issue, samples of animal bones were taken for radiocarbon dating from burials at different areas of the burial ground. According to the analysis, the dating ranges from the end of the 10th century to the early 13th century. However, based on the dating of some individual finds, late 13th century should be considered the upper limit of this chronological span. The paper concludes that the cemetery had some several separate centers of growth, reducing the quantity of equipment in the graves that may be explained by religious factors, and the synchronicity of different types of burial constructions.

scholarly journals Wandering wives or foreign fillies? The women of archaic Greek colonisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Harriet Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Magna Graecia ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New City ◽  
Geographical Scope

<p>Greek colonisation in the archaic period encompassed an enormous geographical area. But for all its prevalence, the textual evidence is limited in both quantity and quality and the archaeological evidence goes only some way towards helping decipher social change and ethnicity. These issues become even more apparent when considering the position of women in the new city foundations. Did Greek colonists take their own wives with them to their new homes? Were Greek women sent out at a later date once the colony had become established? Did Greek colonists intermarry with indigenous women on arrival? Or did something else happen, including a mix of these options? The weight of scholarly opinion currently falls in favour of intermarriage, though frequently little evidence is proffered to support this view. This thesis focuses on this hypothesis and examines the evidence (or lack thereof) to support this conclusion.  Chapter One examines the problems associated with archaic Greek colonisation generally, particularly those issues connected with the ‘language of colonisation’. The study of Greek colonisation has been complicated by imprecise and ambiguous terminology, which frequently draws comparison with more modern (although altogether different) instances of the phenomenon. A major repercussion of this is the tendency to overlook both women and any indigenous peoples. The opening chapter also examines the various reasons behind the foundation of colonies, as well as the different types of settlements, so that an assessment can be made as to whether Greek women might have been more likely to accompany colonising expeditions in some instances over others. Chapter Two looks at the concept of intermarriage more closely and assesses Greek attitudes towards foreign women. It also evaluates the evidence typically called upon by scholars to argue for and against intermarriage in Greek colonisation. Chapter Three assesses the evidence for the presence of women in ten different colonies. Presented roughly in chronological order, these colonies were selected for their geographical scope, covering different regions from the Western Mediterranean, Magna Graecia, North Africa, and the Black Sea. This discussion explores both the literary and archaeological evidence (where possible) for each of these colonies and assesses the potential for intermarriage. This thesis demonstrates that broad conclusions about intermarriage as a widespread practice are unsustainable and concludes that colonisation in the archaic period cannot be considered a uniform phenomenon.</p>

Power, Place and Territory in Early Medieval South-East Wales

2019 ◽  
pp. 325-345
Author(s):  
Andy Seaman
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Central Places ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Rare Opportunity

Wales provides a rare opportunity to explore the development of an early medieval socio-political landscape in a part of the Western Roman Empire that was not subject to Germanic incursion before the 11th century. South-East Wales is particularly important in this respect as it lies within the Romanised zone of lowland Britain. A lack of early evidence, however, has led scholars to construct anachronistic interpretations overly dependent upon evidence drawn from lawbooks of the 13th century. Archaeological evidence and documentary sources from South-East Wales do, however, afford an opportunity to explore the organisation and exploitation of the early medieval landscape independently of the lawbooks. This chapter examines territorial organisation, central places and long-term political continuity in early medieval South-East Wales. It concludes by considering some of the contrasts between patterns of power in South-East Wales and Anglo-Saxon England.

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