fruit tree
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2022 ◽  
Vol 260 ◽  
pp. 107321
Author(s):  
Xuanyue Tong ◽  
Pute Wu ◽  
Xufei Liu ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Wei Zhou ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Ádám Csihon ◽  
István Gonda ◽  
Szilárd Szabó ◽  
Imre J. Holb

AbstractLittle information is available on vegetative and generative performance of apple cultivars during the early growth of trees in orchards. The aim of this five-year study was to evaluate 2 vegetative (trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) and tree height (TH)) and 7 generative parameters (tree yield (TY), fruit number per tree (FNT), crop load (CL), fruit diameter (FD), shape index (SI), fruit surface color (FSC) and fruit color intensity (FCI)) and their inter-correlations (Pearson correlation, regression analyses and PCA) for young apple trees, on 9 apple cultivars (‘Jugala’, ‘Galaval’, ‘Gala Venus Fengal’, ‘Gala Decarli-Fendeca’, ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’, ‘Fuji September Wonder’, ‘Crimson Crisp (Co-op 39)’, ‘Jeromine’, and ‘Red Idared’) in a slender spindle training system (2597 trees ha−1) and on 4 apple cultivars (‘Wilton’s Red Jonaprince’, ‘Red Cap Valtod (S)’, ‘Early Red One’, and ‘Red Topaz’) in a super spindle training system (5194 trees ha−1) in Eastern Hungary. The strongest vegetative growth was observed in ‘Red Idared’, while the weakest was in ‘Early Red One’. Most ‘Gala’ mutants showed high yields in all years, except for ‘Galaval’. On the 6 year-old trees, the lowest tree yield was found in ‘Fuji September Wonder’ (8.2 kg tree−1), while the highest was found in ‘Gala Venus Fengal’ (35.8 kg tree−1). The lowest fruit number per tree (15 fruit tree−1) was found in ‘Jeromine’, while the highest (222 fruit tree−1) was in ‘Gala Venus Fengal’. The highest crop load was found in ‘Gala Venus Fengal’ (12.72 fruit per cm2 TCSA), while the lowest was in ‘Jeromine’ (2.13 fruit per cm2 TCSA). The smallest fruit diameter (66.3 mm) was recorded in ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’, while highest (93.6 mm) was in ‘Red Idared’. The lowest shape index (0.73) was found in ‘Red Topaz’, while the highest (0.92) was in ‘Red Idared’. The majority of the cultivars reached very good fruit surface color (80–100%). The lowest fruit surface color (40%) was observed in ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’, while the highest (100%) was in ‘Jeromine’ and ‘Early Red One’. The highest fruit color intensity was observed in most cultivars with the exception of ‘Jeromine’, ‘Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’ and’Fuji September Wonder’. In addition, correlation and regression analyses revealed strong and significant (p = 0.05) relationships between TH vs TCSA, TY vs TCSA, TH vs TY, TY vs FNT, and FCI vs FSC. PCA explained 87% of the total variance and PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 accounted for 33, 21, 20, and 13% of the variance, respectively, and correlated with TSCA, TH, TY and FNT; with FNT, CL and FS; with FSC and FCI; and with TH and SI, respectively. In conclusion, our study provides useful tree property data on prospective mutants/cultivars for growers/advisors in order to select the most suitable cultivars for establishing new orchards under climate conditions similar to central Europe.


2022 ◽  
pp. 249-265
Author(s):  
Luís Quinta-Nova ◽  
Dora Ferreira

The objective of this study is to determine the suitability for the cultivation of emerging fruit crops in the Beira Baixa region. The suitability was examined for the present time and in the face of two future emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). For this purpose, the biophysical criteria determining the cultivation of pistachio tree and almond tree were processed using a G. The analysis was performed by the AHP. After dividing the problem into hierarchical levels of decision making, a pairwise comparison of criteria was performed to evaluate the weights of these criteria, based on a scale of importance. In the present conditions, about 16.4% of the study area is classified as highly suitable for almond tree and 15.9% to pistachio tree. For the future scenarios, the area with high suitability will increase both for almond tree and pistachio tree. The AHP was adequate in the evaluation of the emerging fruit tree species suitability, since it allowed the integration of the several criteria studied, being a useful tool, which allows the decision making and the resolution of problems.


2022 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Andrés-Agustín ◽  
◽  
Juan Guillermo Cruz-Castillo ◽  
José Carlos Bautista-Villegas ◽  
◽  
...  

Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel, known as the lemon drop mangosteen in English and by a variety of names including limoncillo and toronjil in Mexico, belongs to the family Clusiaceae, and is distributed in the warm tropical regions of Mexico and Central America at elevations of 300 to 1,000 m. It is an underutilized fruit tree that reaches up to 20 m in height and produces yellow fruits with up to four seeds. The pulp is bittersweet and is highly valued by the rural population of the regions where it grows, where bats and spider monkeys also consume it. The fruit has medicinal properties; it is rich in benzophenones, which attack colon cancer cells. The fruit of G. intermedia has higher antioxidant capacity than the fruit of the mangosteen (G. mangostana Linn.); however, little is known about the horticultural management of this species, and basic knowledge, such as asexual propagation or postharvest conservation, has not been reported. There is no information on ex situ conservation of this species in Mexico and Central America, and no selection of outstanding specimens with high quality fruits has been made. Most of the information reported so far for this species is about its ecology and medicinal properties.


2022 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
T. M. DeJong

Abstract Knowledge of fruit tree shoot types is helpful to explain why pruning is often not successful in reducing tree size. In many horticultural circumstances, epicormic shoot growth can be considered as being almost exclusively stimulated by severe pruning of large branches (older than one year old) or strong water shoots in which sylleptic shoots have previously grown and "used up" the locations in close proximity to the pruning cut where proleptic buds would have been present in a less vigorous shoot. The strong growth response to heavy pruning is natural and is the primary reason why pruning cannot be relied upon exclusively to control tree size when trees are grown in highly fertile soils without size-controlling rootstocks. This chapter deals with understanding responses to pruning of fruit trees by application of shoot growth rules.


2022 ◽  
pp. 96-113
Author(s):  
T. M. DeJong

Abstract Tree crop modeling could be instrumental in facilitating integration of numerous aspects of the development, growth and physiology of fruit tree crops and provide a valuable tool for testing concepts for understanding how fruit trees work, if it could be achieved. This chapter presents a synopsis of how modeling of fruit trees was approached. It focuses on the development of a mechanistic, compartmental model of mature peach tree carbon partitioning over a growing season. The model was termed a compartmental model because carbohydrates were only distributed to the collective compartments of fruits, leaves, stems and large branches, and the trunk according to their relative demand functions as the season progressed. Roots were only given carbohydrates when the demands of all of the other organs were fulfilled. This model demonstrated that carbohydrate partitioning in trees could be modeled without deterministic, empirically derived, partitioning coefficients and was useful for indicating periods of the growing season when calculated photosynthetic assimilation was not adequate to supply calculated carbohydrate demands of growing organs. The development of the described model is so complex that the modeling work will never be fully completed. However, to demonstrate the utility of this modeling approach, it was decided to develop an L-Almond model using the same approach.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Sina Cosmulescu ◽  
Dragoș Ștefănescu ◽  
Ana-Maria Stoenescu

Vegetation phenology is considered an important biological indicator in understanding the behaviour of ecosystems and how it responds to environmental cues. The aim of this paper is to provide information on the variability of phenological behaviours based on discriminant analysis using the R software package with the following libraries: ggplot2, heplots, candisc, MASS, car, and klaR. Three phenological phases were analysed with eight wild fruit tree species from a forest ecosystem in the southwestern part of Romania (44°05′19.5” N 23°54′03.5” E). It was found that there is a large and very large variability for the “bud burst” phenophase, medium and low for “full flowering”, and reduced for the “all petals fallen” phenophase. For the analyzed data, the discriminant analysis model has high accuracy (accuracy: 0.9583; 95% CI: (0.7888, 0.9989). Partition plots show the results of “full flowering” and “all petals fallen” as a function of the “bud burst” of pockmarks when separated into eight clusters and eight clusters of “full flowering” as a function of “all petals fallen”. The differences observed, from a phenological point of view, are not only due to the different cold requirements of these species but also to the temperatures during the spring.


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