In this paper an orbit computation program for artificial satellites is presented. This program is operational and it has already been used to compute the orbits of several satellites.After an introductory discussion on the subject of artificial satellite orbit computations, the features of this program are thoroughly explained. In order to achieve the representation of the orbital elements over short intervals of time a drag-free perturbation theory coupled with a differential correction procedure is used, while the long range behavior is obtained empirically. The empirical treatment of the non-gravitational effects upon the satellite motion seems to be very satisfactory. Numerical analysis procedures supporting this treatment and experience gained in using our program are also objects of discussion.
This article qualitatively explores the English judicial approach towards sentencing explanations via remarks made within the magistrates’ youth court. First, the extent of their correlation with the three known purposes behind sentencing explanations is considered within a wider introductory discussion. Second, judicial interviews provide new insights regarding the extent of their alignment with the introductory discussion by indicating degrees of correlation. Third, the English judicial approach towards sentencing explanations and the degrees of correlation are concluded upon. Finally, recommendations are made to assist in a better understanding of sentencing explanations globally, particularly in jurisdictions where their publication has increased.
The concept of engaged scholarship, as a 'new' and participatory approach to knowledge production, has received much attention over the past decade. However, the term is clouded in ambiguity. This paper presents some introductory discussion around concepts of engaged scholarship, and then focuses in detail on a methodological case study of participatory action research as an example of engaged scholarship in practice. Discussion revolves around reflections on practice, drawing largely from recent reports on participatory democracy and the role of unversities in society.
This chapter provides an overview of Islam’s historical experiences in interreligious
dialogue through highlights of its ‘golden ages’ in this particular
domain of multicultural societal living within its civilization. It examines
these golden ages in interreligious dialogue in three notable geo-cultural
and historical settings—Muslim-ruled Spain, Chinese Islam in Ming-ruled
China, and Indian Islam under Mughal rule—following an introductory
discussion of Muslim exemplary treatment of non-Muslims during the
rule of the first four Caliphs succeeding the Prophet Muhammad. On the
basis of this discussion the author concludes that it is generally the case
that interreligious dialogue and cooperation presents itself as a necessary
contributory factor of the Golden Age of all religiously pluralistic societies,
especially of Islamic civilization.
The first aim of this chapter is to present an introductory discussion to the book’s empirical focus on education governance. It demonstrates that education governance is a field that is teeming with politics of scale and therefore constitutes an ideal focus for exploring the book’s overarching conceptual puzzle. The second aim of the chapter is to present a useful entry point for policy scholars seeking to explore possible practices of scalecraft in policy contexts. The discussion outlines the key tenets of a genealogical perspective which draws on political discourse theory and pays particular analytical attention to the ‘dislocatory moments’ of policy. By tracing how European education policy evolved over time, the discussion empirically illustrates how a genealogical perspective is an invaluable lens for exposing the contingency of scale hegemonies and that this serves as an essential starting point for problematising scalar politics.
Building upon an introductory discussion on linguistic exchange - the problem of missing words - and the emergence of transnational concepts, this article consists of a comparative study of the history of the concept of civilisation in some major European languages and the concept of beschaving in Dutch, the closest translation to civilisation in that language. According to the author, the particular and independent conceptual evolution of beschaving should be in part explained by the early development of a modern socio-economic structure in Holland.
Sentencing explanations provided via judicial remarks made within the English magistrates’ youth court: Towards a better global understanding
