scholarly journals Thermodynamical Study on Lead Smelting (5). Effects of Various Elements on the Activity Coefficient of Sulphur in Liquid Lead

1956 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 582-584
Author(s):  
Hisato Hagiwara
Keyword(s):  
Activity Coefficient ◽  
Liquid Lead ◽  
Lead Smelting

scholarly journals Reconstruction of 16th–17th Century Lead Smelting Processes on the Basis of Slag Properties: A Case Study from Sławków, Poland

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1039
Author(s):  
Rafał Warchulski ◽  
Monika Szczuka ◽  
Krzysztof Kupczak
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Liquid Lead ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Lead Smelter ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Sulphide Ores ◽  
Slag Properties ◽  
Lead Smelting

The study focuses on the reconstruction of the technological process in the 16th–17th century lead smelter in Sławków based on chemical and petrographic analyzes of slags. There are three main types of material at the landfill: glassy, crystalline, and weathered. Glassy slags are made of amorphous phase in which crystals of pyroxene, willemite, olivine, wüstite, and lead oxide appear. Crystalline slags are composed of wollastonite, rankinite, melilite, anorthite, quartz, and Fe oxides. Weathered slags have a composition similar to glassy slags, but they also contain secondary phases: anglesite and cerussite. Chemical analyzes confirmed that the smelter used sulphide ores, which were roasted, and the main addition to the charge was quartz sand. The smelting process took place in a brick-built furnace, under reducing conditions, with varied oxygen fugacity ranging from WM to MH buffer. The slag characteristics show a knowledge of the workers in the field of smelting methods. The addition of SiO2 allowed for the binding of elements that could contaminate the obtained lead, and at the same time, the low melting point of the material (1150 °C) and the melt viscosity (logη = 1.34 for 1150 °C) was maintained, enabling the effective separation of liquid lead.

On the limiting activity coefficient of arsenic in liquid lead

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Morachevskii ◽  
T. V. Butukhanova
Keyword(s):  
Activity Coefficient ◽  
Liquid Lead

Non-stationary process characteristics of the gas outflow into a liquid

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
M.V. Alekseev ◽  
I.S. Vozhakov ◽  
S.I. Lezhnin
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Liquid Column ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Liquid Lead ◽  
Gas Flows ◽  
Asymptotic Model ◽  
Process Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Volume Method

A numerical simulation of the process of the outflow of gas under pressure into a closed container partially filled with liquid was carried out. For comparative theoretical analysis, an asymptotic model was used with assumptions about the adiabaticity of the gas outflow process and the ideality of the liquid during the oscillatory one-dimensional motion of the liquid column. In this case, the motion of the liquid column and the evolution of pressure in the gas are determined by the equation of dynamics and the balance of enthalpy. Numerical simulation was performed in the OpenFOAM package using the fluid volume method (VOF method) and the standard k-e turbulence model. The evolution of the fields of volumetric gas content, velocity, and pressure during the flow of gas from the high-pressure chamber into a closed channel filled with liquid in the presence of a ”gas blanket“ at the upper end of the channel is obtained. It was shown that the dynamics of pulsations in the gas cavity that occurs when the gas flows into the closed region substantially depends on the physical properties of the liquid in the volume, especially the density. Numerical modeling showed that the injection of gas into water occurs in the form of a jet outflow of gas, and for the outflow into liquid lead, a gas slug is formed at the bottom of the channel. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between the numerical calculation and the calculation according to the asymptotic model for pressure pulsations in a gas projectile in liquid lead. For water, the results of calculations using the asymptotic model give a significant difference from the results of numerical calculations. In all cases, the velocity of the medium obtained by numerical simulation and when using the asymptotic model differ by an order of magnitude or more.

Effect of association in the vapour phase on the value of activity coefficient

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 1187-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivona Malijevská
Keyword(s):  
Activity Coefficient ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Vapour Phase

The relations were obtained between the thermodynamically consistent activity coefficient of associating component and the activity coefficient calculated irrespective of the association in the vapour phase. The analysis is limited to binary systems with one associating component and is given for the two cases: (a) the associating component dimerizes only, (b) the associating component forms, in addition to a dimer, one higher associate, too.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document