Reconstruction of 16th–17th Century Lead Smelting Processes on the Basis of Slag Properties: A Case Study from Sławków, Poland

The study focuses on the reconstruction of the technological process in the 16th–17th century lead smelter in Sławków based on chemical and petrographic analyzes of slags. There are three main types of material at the landfill: glassy, crystalline, and weathered. Glassy slags are made of amorphous phase in which crystals of pyroxene, willemite, olivine, wüstite, and lead oxide appear. Crystalline slags are composed of wollastonite, rankinite, melilite, anorthite, quartz, and Fe oxides. Weathered slags have a composition similar to glassy slags, but they also contain secondary phases: anglesite and cerussite. Chemical analyzes confirmed that the smelter used sulphide ores, which were roasted, and the main addition to the charge was quartz sand. The smelting process took place in a brick-built furnace, under reducing conditions, with varied oxygen fugacity ranging from WM to MH buffer. The slag characteristics show a knowledge of the workers in the field of smelting methods. The addition of SiO2 allowed for the binding of elements that could contaminate the obtained lead, and at the same time, the low melting point of the material (1150 °C) and the melt viscosity (logη = 1.34 for 1150 °C) was maintained, enabling the effective separation of liquid lead.

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Substance flow analysis of production process: a case study of a lead smelting process

Journal of Cleaner Production ◽

10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.020 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 104 ◽

pp. 502-512 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Lu Bai ◽

Qi Qiao ◽

Yanping Li ◽

Minghui Xie ◽

Si Wan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Production Process ◽

Flow Analysis ◽

Smelting Process ◽

Substance Flow Analysis ◽

Substance Flow ◽

Lead Smelting

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ZAWŁASZCZENIE NIERUCHOMOŚCI NA PRZYKŁADZIE DZIAŁAŃ WOJENNYCH Z POCZĄTKU XVII WIEKU W RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ OBOJGA NARODÓW. Z BADAŃ NAD PRAWEM ZDOBYCZY WOJENNEJ W EPOCE NOWOŻYTNEJ

Zeszyty Prawnicze ◽

10.21697/zp.2016.16.4.04 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 59

Author(s):

Karol Łopatecki

Keyword(s):

Real Estate ◽

Early Modern ◽

17Th Century ◽

Military Operations ◽

Law Of War ◽

Legal Situation ◽

The Law ◽

Grand Duchy

Property Requisition: A Case Study of early 17th-Century Military Operations for Research on the Early Modern Law on War TrophiesSummary This article is on the requisitioning of property by soldiers stationing on enemy territory. The author presents the law on war trophies in force in Poland-Lithuania in 1609–1619, when the country was at war against the Grand Duchy of Muscovy. In particular he examines a protestation lodged by Stanisław Galiński, a Mazovian nobleman. This document provides evidence that pursuant to the Polish-Lithuanian law of war abandoned property could be lawfully requisitioned providing the party taking possession of the vacant real estate became its effective holder by taking over its management. This theory is confirmed by a 1613 parliamentary resolution which allowed for the confiscation of requisitioned property from soldiers who could not prove their title to tenure on these grounds. The legal situation of requisitioned properties was similar to that of property held by the Muscovite boyars of the Smolensk region, who were granted a conditional endorsement of tenure, with the recognition of a title in fee simple subject to enfeoffment by the king.

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Thermodynamical Study on Lead Smelting (5). Effects of Various Elements on the Activity Coefficient of Sulphur in Liquid Lead

Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals and Materials ◽

10.2320/jinstmet1952.20.10_582 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 20 (10) ◽

pp. 582-584

Author(s):

Hisato Hagiwara

Keyword(s):

Activity Coefficient ◽

Liquid Lead ◽

Lead Smelting

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Collectors of Avâriz and Nüzul Levies in the Ottoman Empire: A Case Study of the Province of Karaman 1621-1700

Belleten ◽

10.37879/belleten.2005.539 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 69 (255) ◽

pp. 539-566

Author(s):

Süleyman Demi̇rci̇

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

17Th Century ◽

Collection Process ◽

Archival Documents ◽

Available Information ◽

The Military

Relying on first-hand unpublished archival documents this paper focuses on two related aspects: first, it provides a picture of the range of individuals involved in avâriz and nüzul collection in the Ottoman province of Karaman during the 17th century, whether from the military class, the ulema (learned people) or others; second, it examines the changes during the 17th century in the type of person appointed, and what ranks the collection candidate held before attaining those of avâriz and nüzul collection. It will be interesting to assess at what stage, if at all, the palace officials or the followers of 'great men of state' became involved in the collection process. This paper examines the available information to see what, if any, pattern emerges from it.

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Computed tomography of mummified human remains in old Finnish churches, a case study: the mummified remains of a 17th-century vicar revisited

Post-Medieval Archaeology ◽

10.1080/00794236.2016.1151280 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 368-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tiina Väre ◽

Juho-Antti Junno ◽

Jaakko Niinimäki ◽

Markku Niskanen ◽

Sirpa Niinimäki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Human Remains ◽

17Th Century

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S. Ivo alla Sapienza and Borromini's Symbolic Language

Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians ◽

10.2307/989801 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 294-317

Author(s):

John Beldon Scott

Keyword(s):

Significant Contribution ◽

17Th Century ◽

Symbolic Meaning ◽

Symbolic Language ◽

Determining Factors ◽

Symbolic Content ◽

Construction Documents

The symbolic content of Borromini's S. Ivo alla Sapienza is examined in the light of documents of the period, particularly the construction documents in the Archivio di Stato in Rome. This material makes a significant contribution toward resolving questions related to iconographic elements in the groundplan, spiral tower, and interior stucco decoration of the chapel. The determining factors for the symbolic meaning of the imagery of S. Ivo are shown to be the iconography of the saint, the ceremonial functions of the chapel, and the changing patronage of three popes. S. Ivo serves as a case study for Borromini's introduction of symbolic elements into the fabric and decoration of his works, demonstrating that the nature of that imagery-seen in its 17th-century context-is not esoteric and that our view of Borromini as a speculative thinker in architecture is exaggerated and anachronistic.

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