scholarly journals Da Psicologia do Attachment à visão neurocientífica proposta por Lee A. Kirkpatrick sobre a religiosidade humana

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Edênio Valle

Lee A. Kirkpatrick é um dos nomes de maior destaque na Psicologia da Religião na atualidade. Sua importância como pesquisador e teórico se consolidou graças aos seus trabalhos empíricos sobre a Teoria do Apego (Attachment Theory), originalmente proposta por John Bowlby e Mary Ainsworth. Como esses dois pesquisadores, também Kirkpatrick sofreu a influência da Etologia neoevolucionista de Konrad Lorenz e dos acesos debates que se travaram na Psicanálise britânica do pós-guerra a respeito das relações do bebê com sua a mãe na fase em que a sua sobrevivência física e psicológica depende totalmente de quem dele cuida. O mérito principal de Kirkpatrick ao entrar nessa discussão foi o de aplicar com rigor a Teoria do Apego à religiosidade e a outros semelhantes estados anímicos experimentados não só pelo neonato. Em seus trabalhos há dois momentos distintos e complementares. No primeiro deles, o objeto de sua atenção se concentrou mais na relação de apego propriamente dita. Mais tarde, paralelamente ao grande avanço das Bio e Neurociências e da Psicologia Evolucionária, ele passou a dar ênfase aos processos e mecanismos neurofisiológicos e psicológicos que subjazem às reações psicocomportamentais da criança. Essa progressiva e coerente mudança de enfoque fez de Kirkpatrick um renomado pesquisador da Psicologia da Religião. O artigo apresenta ao leitor/a os dois estágios percorridos por ele em seu itinerário como estudioso da área da Psicologia da Religião.

Author(s):  
Marilyn Watson

The origins of attachment theory and the work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth are described. Four types of child–parent attachment relationships—secure, insecure/anxious, insecure/ambivalent, and insecure/disorganized—are outlined along with the ways each type might manifest itself in the classroom. A longitudinal study, conducted by Alan Sroufe and his colleagues, of the development and effects on learning and interpersonal relationships of different child–parent attachment relationships is described. Teachers too have a history of attachment relationships that can affect how they relate to their students. The chapter describes adult attachment and how one’s attachment history might, positively or negatively, affect one’s ability to build positive, nurturing relationships with students. Specific examples of ways teachers can offset the negative effects of a student’s or their own history of insecure attachment are described.


Author(s):  
Sue White ◽  
Matthew Gibson ◽  
David Wastell ◽  
Patricia Walsh

This chapter traces the origins of attachment theory and reviews its component parts, including the seminal empirical research on animals and humans. Attachment theory, popularised during the 1940s and 1950s, is a synthesis of object relations theory and ethological developmental psychology. It suggests a symbiotic dance of nature and nurture, achieved through the ministering of the mother. It shares with object relations theory an emphasis on the infant's relationship with the ‘primary object’, but these ideas are combined with those from cognitive psychology, cybernetics (control systems theory), ethology, and evolutionary biology. The theory is thus an elegant, but pragmatic mishmash, arising from attempts to make sense of empirical, clinical observations of real children experiencing distressing separations, together with aspirations to make the world a better place for everybody by understanding the medium of love. Attachment theory as used in child welfare is generally attributed to the work of John Bowlby, James Robertson, and Mary Ainsworth. The chapter then considers the controversies that attachment theory has faced, particularly in the latter half of the 20th century.


Author(s):  
Shoshana Ringel

This review summarizes contributions to attachment theory and research by John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, Mary Main, and many other researchers. It addresses contributions from the Adult Attachment Interview to the understanding of loss and trauma as well as the intergenerational transmission of attachment patterns from parent to child. The review describes current findings from infant research, and the implications of attachment theory to clinical interventions with children, families, adults, and couples.


2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M Crittenden

Attachment theory has developed over many decades - and continues to develop. Its roots lie in several seminal publications of John Bowlby (the basis of attachment theory) and Mary D. S. Ainsworth (the notion of individual differences in attachment). This paper identifies the prescient contributions of these early publications and two processes (a long-term dialogue and reflection on discrepancy) that underlay emergent theory. Because I was a student of Ainsworth when both attachment theory and individual differences in attachment organization were becoming better known, I offer some of my recollections of that period, suggesting how that period may have affected current work in attachment.


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