Order and Item Information in Short-Term Reordering of Letters

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 971-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert J. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Item Information ◽  
Acoustic Similarity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Original Order

Subsequent to seeing a sequence of eight letters, 66 subjects were presented with the same letters in a jumbled order. Their task was to reconstruct the original order from the jumbled display. The acoustic similarity of the items as well as the rate of presentation was experimentally manipulated. A decrement in performance for sequences of acoustically similar items, as compared to those consisting of acoustically distinct items, increased as presentation rate decreased. The results were explained in terms of the processing of information about order and the acoustic nature of item information in short-term memory.

Effects of Grammaticalness, Presentation Rate, and Message Length on Auditory Short-Term Memory

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gerver
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Message Length ◽  
Message Structure ◽  
Different Levels

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of message structure, message length, and presentation rate upon auditory short-term memory. Subjects were asked to reproduce in writing messages at different levels of “grammaticalness” (Coleman, 1965) presented through headphones at 3–4 words/sec. or 6–7 words/ sec. There was better recall of the more structured, shorter, and slower messages. The results are discussed in terms of acquisition and encoding of information.

Effect of Recall Condition, Presentation Rate and Retention Interval on Short-Term Memory

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas L. Rohrman ◽  
John C. Jahnke
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
University Students ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Recall Condition ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

A total of 300 university students were presented a brief list of non-alphanumeric items and instructed to recall immediately either the items (free recall, FR), the order in which the items were presented (order recall, OR), or both (serial recall, SR). Presentation rate and retention interval were additional experimental variables in Exp. I and II, respectively. In both experiments significant differences in recall were found between FR conditions and the remaining two, which did not differ from each other. More items were recalled at the slow than fas: rate. Retention interval was not a significant variable. Results suggest that retention will improve when order information is eliminated from recall (Brown, 1958), that the recall of item and order information involve at least partially independent memory processes, and that, while the recall of items may proceed independently of the recall of their order, the converse is not true.

scholarly journals Rate of presentation and the acoustic similarity effect in short-term memory

1966 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 233-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Conrad ◽  
A. D. Baddeley ◽  
A. J. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acoustic Similarity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Similarity Effect

scholarly journals The Commonality of Neural Networks for Verbal and Visual Short-term Memory

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 2570-2593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Majerus ◽  
Arnaud D'Argembeau ◽  
Trecy Martinez Perez ◽  
Sanaâ Belayachi ◽  
Martial Van der Linden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Item Information ◽  
Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Modality Effects ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
The Right

Although many neuroimaging studies have considered verbal and visual short-term memory (STM) as relying on neurally segregated short-term buffer systems, the present study explored the existence of shared neural correlates supporting verbal and visual STM. We hypothesized that networks involved in attentional and executive processes, as well as networks involved in serial order processing, underlie STM for both verbal and visual list information, with neural specificity restricted to sensory areas involved in processing the specific items to be retained. Participants were presented sequences of nonwords or unfamiliar faces, and were instructed to maintain and recognize order or item information. For encoding and retrieval phases, null conjunction analysis revealed an identical fronto-parieto-cerebellar network comprising the left intraparietal sulcus, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the bilateral cerebellum, irrespective of information type and modality. A network centered around the right intraparietal sulcus supported STM for order information, in both verbal and visual modalities. Modality-specific effects were observed in left superior temporal and mid-fusiform areas associated with phonological and orthographic processing during the verbal STM tasks, and in right hippocampal and fusiform face processing areas during the visual STM tasks, wherein these modality effects were most pronounced when storing item information. The present results suggest that STM emerges from the deployment of modality-independent attentional and serial ordering processes toward sensory networks underlying the processing and storage of modality-specific item information.

How Does Acoustic Similarity Influence Short-Term Memory?

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acoustic Similarity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Listening Test ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
And Control

This study attempts to discover why items which are similar in sound are hard to recall in a short-term memory situation. The input, storage, and retrieval stages of the memory system are examined separately. Experiments I, II and III use a modification of the Peterson and Peterson technique to plot short-term forgetting curves for sequences of acoustically similar and control words. If acoustically similar sequences are stored less efficiently, they should be forgotten more rapidly. All three experiments show a parallel rate of forgetting for acoustically similar and control sequences, suggesting that the acoustic similarity effect does not occur during storage. Two input hypotheses are then examined, one involving a simple sensory trace, the other an overloading of a system which must both discriminate and memorize at the same time. Both predict that short-term memory for spoken word sequences should deteriorate when the level of background noise is increased. Subjects performed both a listening test and a memory test in which they attempted to recall sequences of five words. Noise impaired performance on the listening test but had no significant effect on retention, thus supporting neither of the input hypotheses. The final experiments studied two retrieval hypotheses. The first of these, Wickelgren's phonemic-associative hypotheses attributes the acoustic similarity effect to inter-item associations. It predicts that, when sequences comprising a mixture of similar and dissimilar items are recalled, errors should follow acoustically similar items. The second hypothesis attributes the effect to the overloading of retrieval cues which consequently do not discriminate adequately among available responses. It predicts maximum error rate on, not following, similar items. Two experiments were performed, one involving recall of visually presented letter sequences, the other of auditorily presented word sequences. Both showed a marked tendency for errors to coincide with acoustically similar items, as the second hypothesis would predict. It is suggested that the acoustic similarity effect occurs at retrieval and is due to the overloading of retrieval cues.

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