Picture Memory (Pseudomatching) in Rhesus Monkeys

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 627-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bruner ◽  
V. Bogo ◽  
A. N. Gallegos
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Stimulus ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Sample Stimulus ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Shock Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Specific Stimulus ◽  
Picture Memory ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Correct Comparison

Pseudomatching, the selection of the correct comparison stimulus without dependence on presentation of a sample stimulus, was demonstrated in monkeys being trained ostensibly on a matching-to-sample, shock-avoidance task. Pseudomatching occurred whenever the problem sets were not fully counterbalanced for key position and correct symbol and seemed to represent memorization of specific stimulus configurations. Some animals showed the capacity to memorize hundreds of different 4-choice problems as indicated by test trials on which the samples were omitted. To prevent pseudomatching contamination of matching-to-sample behavior one must arrange full counterbalancing and randomization of stimuli and reinforcements. Pseudomatching test trials are also recommended.

Concept Learning and Learning Strategies

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Comparison Stimulus ◽  
Concept Learning ◽  
Sample Stimulus ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Task Groups ◽  
Complete Concept

Concept learning and learning strategies of pigeons were manipulated in a matching-to-sample task. Groups of 4 pigeons responded either 0, 1, 10, or 20 times to a sample stimulus, and then chose between a matching comparison stimulus and a nonmatching comparison stimulus. Tests with unfamiliar arrangements of the three training stimuli showed that learning was not by if-then rules. Tests with novel stimuli showed that as the number of sample responses increased, learning about the configural pattern of each display gave way to more learning about the sample-comparison relationship and more concept learning. Pigeons making the most sample responses showed complete concept learning.

Reflexivity in Rats: Location Control in Generalized Identity Matching-to-Sample

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Beurms ◽  
Ana Gloria Plaza Jurado ◽  
Ana Sánchez-Kuhn ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Tom Beckers
Keyword(s):  
Sample Stimulus ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Middle Position ◽  
Direct Training ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Identity Matching

Reflexivity entails that an organism can match a stimulus to itself (“A=A”) without direct training. Reflexivity is typically studied in identity matching-to-sample tasks wherein subjects are first presented with a sample stimulus in the middle position and trained to select the same stimulus from two comparison stimuli that are subsequently presented in the side positions. However, when the position of the comparisons is altered, nonhuman animals often revert to responding at chance levels, suggesting that they encode the location of stimuli together with their identity as part of the functional stimulus. This might hamper generalization of the task to novel stimuli (i.e., generalized identity matching-to-sample), which would be an observation of reflexivity. To test whether the use of multiple locations facilitates generalized identity matching-to-sample in rats, we used an olfactory matching-to-sample task. Two rats received training in which the location of the stimuli varied randomly. The speed with which they learned to match identical odors and the generalization to new stimuli was compared with two rats that received standard matching-to-sample training in which the location of the stimuli was fixed. We observed generalized identity matching-to-sample in two rats that could not be explained by reinforcement recency. However, we found no evidence that the use of multiple locations facilitated generalized identity matching-to-sample.

scholarly journals Accuracy in dictation after improvement of reading and copying skills in a student with learning difficulties

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Ana Claudia Moreira Almeida Verdu ◽  
France Matos de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Constructed Response ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Teaching Tasks ◽  
Accurate Performance ◽  
Constructed Responses ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of this study was to use systematic teaching in a clinical setting using software to teach reading and writing in one boy with learning difficulties and obtain accurate performance in dictation. In the pre-test, the student showed good performance in matching-to-sample tasks (96% in matching printed words to dictated words; 88% in matching pictures to dictated words), although he obtained a low percentage of correct answers in the dictation of constructed responses (52%) and manuscripts (24%). The teaching strengthened the selection of printed words matched to dictated words and copying words. The student obtained 100% correct answers in the teaching tasks. In post-tests of dictation, he obtained 100% correct answers in constructed response and 96% correct answers in manuscripts. The results indicate that carefully teaching copying may promote accuracy in the performance of responding to minimal units in dictation tasks.

Modeling of Selection of Relevant Cues in Rats: Effects of Task Complexity and Lesions of Medial Prefrontal Cortex

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
J. Svoboda ◽  
K. Blahna ◽  
P. Telensky ◽  
J. Bures ◽  
A. Stuchlik
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Place Avoidance ◽  
Selection Of

One of key features of cognitive processing in both humans and animals is to select relevant stimuli. Several rodent spatial paradigms proved to be useful in biological psychiatric research. A place avoidance task has been previously used in animal model of cognitive deficits in psychosis.Here we present modifications of the place avoidance paradigm, assessing the ability of selecting appropriate cues at various levels of task complexity. Moreover, we present a pilot experiment showing an effect of lesion to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) on those tasks. Generally, the place avoidance apparatus consists of a circular arena elevated 1m above the floor. Rats are trained to avoid an unmarked forbidden sector, entering which is punished by mild footshocks. The sector can be defined with respect to the room or arena frame, which can be dissociated by arena rotation. Moreover, we studied an ability of rats to avoid the place defined by salient rotating object.The results showed that animals with mPFC lesion were capable of avoiding a place defined either by distal of by proximal cues, similarly as controls. However, both control and mPFC-lesioned rats had difficulties to avoid a place surrounding moving salient object. The performance increased whenever the rat was passively rotated with the arena, suggesting that vestibular stimulation enhanced the directed attention to an object. The poster will discuss the present findings and outline the future directions with emphasis on their utilization in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders.Supported by GACR grants 309/07/0341 and 309/06/1231.

scholarly journals Unique RNA species developed during a shock avoidance task

1968 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Machlus ◽  
John Gaito
Keyword(s):  
Shock Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Task

Selection of H. Pylori lewis expression is dependent on host lewis phenotype in rhesus monkeys

1998 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. A332-A333 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.P. Wirth ◽  
M. Yang ◽  
A. Dubois ◽  
D.E. Berg ◽  
M.J. Blaser
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Selection Of
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