Influence of Identity versus Oddity Pretraining on Symmetric Matching to Sample

2009 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 861-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrie Boelens ◽  
Jacqueline Schenk
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Equivalence ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Reinforcement Contingency ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Identity Group ◽  
Identity Matching ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

Identity and oddity matching tasks were designed for different groups of 5-yr.-old children. The presentation of tasks continued until all children had shown evidence of appropriate generalization to new stimuli (i.e., generalized identity matching or generalized oddity from sample). All children then received training on an arbitrary matching-to-sample task. Finally, tests of reflexivity and symmetry in responding were carried out in three consecutive sessions. The children in the Identity group showed reflexivity and symmetry in responses on all three tests; the children in the Oddity group showed oddity in responses on all tests, and a gradual increase in symmetry of responses across tests. These results provide evidence against special versions of multiple-exemplar and reinforcement contingency accounts of stimulus equivalence. Versions of the accounts to explain the findings are discussed.

Reflexivity in Rats: Location Control in Generalized Identity Matching-to-Sample

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Beurms ◽  
Ana Gloria Plaza Jurado ◽  
Ana Sánchez-Kuhn ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Tom Beckers
Keyword(s):  
Sample Stimulus ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Middle Position ◽  
Direct Training ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Identity Matching

Reflexivity entails that an organism can match a stimulus to itself (“A=A”) without direct training. Reflexivity is typically studied in identity matching-to-sample tasks wherein subjects are first presented with a sample stimulus in the middle position and trained to select the same stimulus from two comparison stimuli that are subsequently presented in the side positions. However, when the position of the comparisons is altered, nonhuman animals often revert to responding at chance levels, suggesting that they encode the location of stimuli together with their identity as part of the functional stimulus. This might hamper generalization of the task to novel stimuli (i.e., generalized identity matching-to-sample), which would be an observation of reflexivity. To test whether the use of multiple locations facilitates generalized identity matching-to-sample in rats, we used an olfactory matching-to-sample task. Two rats received training in which the location of the stimuli varied randomly. The speed with which they learned to match identical odors and the generalization to new stimuli was compared with two rats that received standard matching-to-sample training in which the location of the stimuli was fixed. We observed generalized identity matching-to-sample in two rats that could not be explained by reinforcement recency. However, we found no evidence that the use of multiple locations facilitated generalized identity matching-to-sample.

scholarly journals Conditional Discriminations by Preverbal Children in an Identity Matching-to-Sample Task

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Stella C. de Alcantara Gil ◽  
Thais Porlan de Oliveira ◽  
William J. McIlvane
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Conditional Discriminations ◽  
Identity Matching ◽  
Preverbal Children

scholarly journals Assessing Symmetry by Comparing the Acquisition of Symmetric and Nonsymmetric Conditional Relations in a Capuchin Monkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo S. D. Soares Filho ◽  
Álvaro J. M. Silva ◽  
Saulo M Velasco ◽  
Romariz S Barros ◽  
Gerson Yukio Tomanari
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Equivalence Class ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Capuchin Monkey ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Conditional Discriminations ◽  
Symmetry Phase ◽  
Conditional Relations ◽  
Equivalence Class Formation ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

The present study presents a procedure to assess the property of symmetry by comparing the acquisition of conditional relations that are consistent and inconsistent with this property in a capuchin monkey (Sapajus spp.). One young male monkey underwent arbitrary matching-to-sample training. The experiment had four phases: Phase 1.1 (establishing A1B1 and A2B2 relations), Phase 1.2 (reinforcing B1A1 and B2A2 relations, consistent with the property of symmetry), Phase 2.1 (establishing A3B3 and A4B4 relations), and Phase 2.2 (reinforcing B3A4 and B4A3 relations, inconsistent with the property of symmetry). A comparison between Phase 1.2 (consistent) and Phase 2.2 (inconsistent) showed faster acquisition of consistent relations (B1A1 and B2A2) than inconsistent relations (B3A4 and B4A3). The results suggest that the established conditional discriminations may have the property of symmetry and confirm the potential of comparative analysis between the acquisition of conditional discriminations as a promising procedure to evaluate equivalence class formation in nonhuman subjects.

Identity matching to sample and exclusion performance in elderly with and without neurocognitive disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Ribeiro Camara ◽  
Mariana Ducatti ◽  
Andréia Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Identity Matching

scholarly journals Effects of Limited Hold on Equivalence Class Formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Högnason ◽  
Erik Arntzen
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Class ◽  
Stimulus Equivalence ◽  
Equivalence Classes ◽  
Preliminary Training ◽  
Limited Hold ◽  
Emergent Relations ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Identity Matching ◽  
Abstract Stimuli ◽  
Equivalence Class Formation

AbstractIn an attempt to limit the opportunity to engage in mediating behavior, two groups of adult participants received preliminary training in identity matching with limited hold levels (LH) for responding of 0.7 s for the sample and 1.2 s for the comparisons. The two groups were subsequently trained to form three 5-member classes, using the same LH levels, where the A, B, D, and E stimuli were abstract stimuli, and the C stimuli were meaningful pictures. In two tests for emergent relations, the LH for Group Short was unchanged, whereas 5 s were added to the LH for the comparisons for Group Long. None of the participants in Group Short responded in accordance with stimulus equivalence in either of the two tests. In Group Long, one participant responded in accordance with stimulus equivalence in the first test, and an additional eight participants formed equivalence classes in the second test.

scholarly journals Sign-reference equivalence research methods in humans and animals

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-105
Author(s):  
M.V. Samuleeva ◽  
A.A. Smirnova ◽  
Z.A. Zorina
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Stimulus Equivalence ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Equivalence Relations ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Crucial Property

Human language based on symbolization or sign-referent equivalence relations. The paper focuses on methods of studying the process of developing of sign-referent equivalence. Subject is trained in Matching-To-Sample task: for example, reinforcing of stimulus B if the sample was A, and stimulus D if the sample was C. Following test allows to reveal if new relations (for example, symmetry, if subject chooses stimulus A if the sample was B) appeared spontaneously. Human subjects usually pass this test successfully. This result may be explained by repeated demonstration of sign-referent symmetry during language learning and using. Our paper is dedicated to methods features which can be used to study sign-reference developing in human and animals. We discuss factors that leads to appearance of this crucial property of stimulus equivalence.

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