An Auditory Stroop Test to Implement in Cognitive Hearing Sciences: Development and Normative Data

Objective: This study developed and gained insight in an auditory Stroop test, implementable in cognitive hearing sciences. Methods: An auditory Stroop test was developed and performed in 178 participants, aged between 18 and 69 years. This Auditory Stroop test consisted of two tests: Stroop-tones and Stroop-words whereby the pitch of pure-tones and spoken words (i.e., the words high and low) had to be identified by high or low, respectively. An interference score was calculated as a measure of verbal executive functioning. Regression models were conducted to examine the effect of age, sex, education, awakeness, hearing, as well as visual and verbal working memory, and processing speed on the auditory Stroop scores. Normative data were obtained per age decade. Results: Compared to the visual counterparts, the auditory Stroop outcomes were better predicted by verbal working memory and processing speed. A trend was observed showing a decrease in performances with increasing age. No other participant-related variables had a significant relationship with the auditory Stroop test. Conclusion: This auditory Stroop test was considered a good test for measuring executive functioning using auditory stimuli. Implementing this auditory Stroop test within cognitive hearing sciences will contribute to unravel the auditory-cognitive perspective of speech understanding.

Violencia íntima de pareja contra las mujeres: un estudio de las creencias en docentes en formación de España y América Latina

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la aceptación de creencias distorsionadas sobre los roles de género y sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en una muestra de futuros y futuras docentes de España y Latinoamérica. Metodología: La metodología del estudio ha sido cuantitativa y el diseño, transversal. El muestreo fue intencional y no probabilístico. Participaron 2395 docentes en formación de universidades y centros de formación superior de Argentina, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, España y México. La información se recolectó por medio de un cuestionario estructurado que incluyó el Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y el Uso de la Violencia - Revisado (Echeburúa et al., 2016). Los análisis empleados (chi-cuadrado, t de Student y ANOVA) han permitido evaluar la influencia del sexo y del país. Resultados: Los resultados reportan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los países de la muestra en la aceptación de las creencias distorsionadas. Los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres, tienden a presentar más distorsiones cognitivas sobre los roles de género y la violencia íntima de pareja contra las mujeres. Conclusión: El sistema educativo es uno de los principales agentes socializadores, por lo que la formación del profesorado en materia de igualdad es esencial para eliminar los sesgos de género y contribuir al fomento de una sociedad libre de violencia contra las mujeres.

Phenomics: A Way to Increase and Refine Treatment Options in Psychopathology

Editorial

Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire: a Factorial Validation Study in Spanish for Children (CERQ-k)

Background: The cognitive regulation of emotions is a fundamental variable in socio-affective functioning, being an essential skill in childhood due to its relationship with multiple areas of social functioning. Although there is a version that allows evaluating this construct (CERQ-k), translated and adapted for Argentine children, the structural model found does not fully coincide with the model proposed by the authors of the original version of CERQ. Objective: To test, through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the model obtained in the adapted version and compare it with that of the original version of the instrument. Method: From a non-probabilistic sample, 761 children between the ages of 9 and 12, from the provinces of Entre Ríos and Córdoba, participated in the study. Descriptive analyzes of the items, CFA, and reliability analysis were carried out. Results: The CFA indicated an adequate fit in both models, although the second-order model proved to be more parsimonious and with satisfactory fit and error indices. Conclusion: The CERQ-k version adapted to Argentina, whose structure has been confirmed in this study, allows a valid and reliable measure of the construct to evaluate the cognitive regulation of emotion in children aged 9 to 12 years.

Spanish Validation of the “Life Snapshot Inventory”

Introduction: The Life Snapshot Inventory (LSI) is a self-report instrument to measure the meaningful vital, personal, and social directions. It was created in the Functional Analytic Psychotherapy as a continuous evaluation of vital changes in areas of life (family, work, love, spirituality, sexuality, health, etc.). Objective: The aim was to validate its psychometric characteristics for the first time. Method: This study involved 530 participants (average age 33 years), in a Spanish sample. The questionnaire has been compared with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to obtain convergent validity. Results: The results showed a high internal consistency (α=.93) and a correlation of .61, both statistically significant. The factorial analysis showed only one factor (43.56% of variance). In addition, it was sensitive to changes due to interventions, and made it possible to differentiate those people with vital problems. Conclusion: This questionnaire could be a helpful measure for healthcare and clinical contexts.

Funciones ejecutivas y autoestima en el desempeño académico: un análisis mediacional

Objetivo: Superado el paradigma de la inteligencia como predictor único del rendimiento académico, se estudia la influencia de otras variables como el razonamiento, fluidez verbal, funciones ejecutivas, motivación y autoestima. Método: Para ello, se sirvió de un diseño de investigación de carácter exploratorio e incidental en una muestra de 132 sujetos de 6 a 9 años. Se administraron diferentes instrumentos, como las pruebas RAVEN, Lectura Eficaz, Brief II, MAPE II y Escala Coopersmith respectivamente. Resultados: Los resultados señalan que el modelo predictivo formado por razonamiento, fluidez verbal, funciones ejecutivas y autoestima explica un 55.4% de los resultados académicos. Como variables mediadoras emergen la autoestima, sobre variables tanto de carácter cognitivo como motivacional, y las funciones ejecutivas sobre variables emocionales y motivacionales. Discusión: Esto supone implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de carácter educativo con implicaciones prácticas en las aulas de primaria para la implementación de planes de desarrollo de la autoestima y las funciones ejecutivas.

Family Hardiness and Parent and Family Functioning in Households with Children Experiencing Adverse Life Conditions: a Meta-Analysis

Objective: The purposes of the meta-analysis were to evaluate the relationship between family hardiness and different dimensions of parent and family functioning in households experiencing adverse child or family life events and circumstances and determine if family hardiness had either or both stress-buffering and health-enhancing effects on parent and family functioning. Method: Studies were included if the correlations between family hardiness and different dimensions of parental or family functioning were reported. The synthesis included 53 studies (N = 4418 participants) conducted in nine countries between 1992 and 2017. Results: showed that family hardiness was related to less parental stress, anxiety/depression, and parenting burden/demands and positively related to parental global health, well-being, and parenting practices. Results also showed that family hardiness was negatively related to family stress and positively related to family life satisfaction, adaptation, and cohesion. The effects sizes between family hardiness and positive parent and family functioning indicators were larger than those for stress-buffering indicators. Child and family life events and child age moderated the relationship between family hardiness and family but not parental functioning. Conclusion: The results are consistent with the hypothesis that family hardiness is an internal resource that simultaneously has stress-buffering and health-enhancing effects on parent and family functioning.

Ethics Position and Leadership Style in a Mayor’s Office

Introduction: Recent cases of unethical behavior in organizations indicate the need to carry out empirical research about it. Objective: Determine the existence of a relationship between ethics and leadership, demanded by society and prescribed by various academic theories. Method: For this reason, through the conduction of non-experimental, cross-sectional, quantitative research, it is sought to make a process of falsification of the theoretical proposals in the context of a municipal mayoralty. In the development of the research, the responses of 219 leaders were satisfactorily received, answering questions from two psychometric instruments of wide recognition and academic validity, the Ethics Position Questionnaire and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. They were carried out both through an exploratory data analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis, and a model of structural equations that tested the existence of a relation between the ethical position and the styles of leadership. Results: It was also possible to identify the influence exerted by the different ethical positions in each one of the styles of leadership in a local public administration. Conclusions: These findings facilitate the identification of ethical leadership models in local public organizations and contribute towards the empirical demonstration of the current discussion on the relationship between ethics and leadership in organizations.

Efecto de la violencia y victimización escolar en la ideación suicida en adolescentes mexicanos

En este estudio se pone a prueba un modelo para predecir la ideación suicida de adolescentes, considerando como antecedentes la violencia y victimización escolar, el autoconcepto familiar y académico y la sintomatología depresiva. Participaron 792 adolescentes mexicanos de secundaria (49.4% mujeres, 50.6% hombres) entre 11 a 16 años (M = 13.3,D.T. = 1.0), seleccionados con un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se administraron las escalas de Ideación Suicida, Conducta Violenta en la Escuela, Victimización en la Escuela, Autoconcepto Forma-5 y CES-D. A partir de Modelos de Ecuaciones Estructurales, los resultados mostraron que el modelo que mejor se ajusta indica una doble relación de la victimización escolar con la ideación suicida: un efecto directo y positivo sobre pensamientos suicidas, y, por otro lado, un efecto indirecto y negativo a través del apoyo familiar, y positivo con la sintomatología depresiva. El autoconcepto familiar resulto un importante factor de protección.

The Clinics of work: An Alternative Vision of Occupational Health

This theoretical paper depicts the clinics of work as a subdisciplinary and interdisciplinary field of the social psychology of work and organizations, interested in analyzing and intervening from a critical-clinical perspective in the subjectivity-work-context relationship, in the context of discomfort, suffering, and pleasure, and thus, in the mental health within this field. Consequently, it separates from traditional occupational health, which ignores subjective singularities. The subdiscipline of clinics of work develops the determinants of pleasure, discomfort, and suffering at work, standing out in the process as a possible alternative of occupational health, based on research practice and intervention from a critical perspective.