Hippocampal Lesions and the Partial Reinforcement Effect

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bloom ◽  
Robert A. McFarlain
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Straight Runway ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Hippocampal Function ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Hippocampal Lesions ◽  
Significant Attenuation

Two hypotheses of hippocampal function predict that nonreinforcement effects should be attenuated in hippocampal-lesioned rats. As a test of these hypotheses, hippocampal-lesioned and normal rats were trained in the straight runway on continuous or partial reinforcement schedules and then extinguished. In acquisition, lesioned rats ran slower over-all than normals and slower on trials following reward than normals, but there was no difference on trials following nonreward. In extinction, although lesioned Ss with continuous reinforcement were more resistant to extinction than normals, there was little difference between lesioned and normal groups having partial reinforcement and no significant attenuation of the partial reinforcement effect. The results were interpreted as implicating the hippocampus in the mediation of reinforcement rather than nonreinforcement effects.

Deprivation Level, Competing Responses, and the Pre

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Mikulka ◽  
William B. Pavlik
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Deprivation Level ◽  
Straight Runway ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Competing Responses

Rats were given 60 acquisition and 32 extinction trials in a straight runway. A 3 × 2 factorial design was employed, combining 3 levels of food deprivation with continuous and partial reinforcement schedules. The principal results were: (a) The magnitude of the partial reinforcement effect during extinction increased with increased food deprivation. (b) The major effects of deprivation during extinction were upon the performance of Ss on partial reinforcement; there was relatively little effect on the performance of continuous reinforcement Ss. (c) The frequency of competing responses differed among the experimental groups during both acquisition and extinction and generally was inversely related to running speed.

Partial Reinforcement Effect under Odor Control

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Prytula ◽  
Cecil C. Bridges ◽  
H. R. Anderson ◽  
Larry C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Straight Runway ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Odor Control ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Partial Schedule ◽  
Resistance To Extinction

4 groups ( ns = 10) of albino rats were given 40 acquisition and 25 extinction trials in a straight runway under one of the following conditions: (1) continuous reinforcement with an exhaust fan operative; (2) continuous reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked from exhausting; (3) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked, and (4) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operative. The results imply that exhausting odor(s) under a partial schedule increases running speeds during acquisition and resistance to extinction. The study points to important methodological implications for partial reinforcement research.

Resistance to Extinction: A Test of the Discrimination Hypothesis

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Dubanoski ◽  
Howard R. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Discrimination Hypothesis

To test the discrimination hypothesis of the partial reinforcement effect in extinction, partial or continuous reinforcement trials were interpolated between the initial training trials of partial or continuous reinforcement and the extinction period. 112 children from Grades 2 and 3 participated in one of four conditions. Children receiving two consecutive blocks of partial reinforcement showed the greatest resistance to extinction, children receiving two consecutive blocks of continuous reinforcement showed the weakest resistance, and those receiving partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement or vice versa showed intermediate levels of resistance. Discrimination between training and extinction does not seem to be the critical factor involved in the partial reinforcement effect. The results were discussed in terms of a stimulus analyzer or a sequential analysis model.

Perseveration of the Partial Reinforcement Effect in Extinction with Rats over Two Phases of Extinction and Two Stages of Continuous Reinforcement

2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Calef ◽  
Michael C. Choban ◽  
Katherine R. Glenney ◽  
Ruth A. Calef ◽  
Erik Schmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Straight Alley ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Two Stages

One group of 10 male albino rats was given partial reinforcement while the other 10 rats received continuous reinforcement in a straight alley. Subjects then experienced five consecutive stages of Extinction 1, Continuous Reinforcement 1, Extinction 2, Continuous Reinforcement 2, and finally, Extinction 3. Analysis showed the partial reinforcement effect in extinction was sustained over two stages of extinction and two stages of continuous reinforcement, since subjects receiving partial reinforcement ran faster than rats given continuous reinforcement throughout all three of the extinction periods. The results seem to support those of Amsel's (1967) and Capaldi's (1967) theoretical formulations of the partial reinforcement effect in extinction.

Heterogeneous Squad Composition, Odor Cues, and the Partial Reinforcement Effect

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1163-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Straight Runway ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect ◽  
Odor Cues

4 groups of rats served as Ss in a study designed to determine the influence of odor cues on the partial reinforcement extinction effect in a straight runway. Ss were run in 2 heterogeneous squads. In both squads were Ss that received continuous or partial reinforcement prior to extinction. One squad run under odor-minimizing conditions, while a second, similar, squad was run under odor-maximizing conditions. Significant partial reinforcement extinction effects were shown only by the odor-maximizing Ss.

Influence of Altered Goal-Box Cues on Partial-Reinforcement Effect

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1259-1266
Author(s):  
John W. Pilley ◽  
Frank C. Leeming
Keyword(s):  
Partial Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Straight Runway ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Competing Response ◽  
Competing Responses

The purpose of the experiment was to study theoretical interpretation of the partial-reinforcement effect (PRE). Amsel proposed that nonreinforcement during training generates frustration. Weinstock and Hulse stressed the importance of habituated competing responses and strengthened competing responses learned to the cues of the empty goal box. Assessment of the positions, however, is difficult, since nonreward during training is adequate for the development of both the habituation and the strengthening of competing responses as well as the development of frustration reactions. An attempt was made to separate the effects of frustration from those of competing response positions by reducing during extinction the emission of learned responses in the goal box but not in the start box and runway. Since the assumption is made that the PRE is dependent on learning that occurs in the goal box, the competing-response positions would predict a radical change in the goal box during extinction to inhibit the PRE. Since the frustration position asserts that the PRE is a function of learning in the goal box that generalizes to all sections of the apparatus, the PRE should occur to some degree despite altered goal-box conditions. Using a straight runway apparatus, subgroups of rats trained on 100% and 50% schedules of reinforcement were extinguished to either familiar or novel goal-box conditions. Subgroups trained on 100% and 50% schedules of reinforcement exhibited a significant PRE under both the familiar and altered goal-box conditions. Findings were discussed as supportive of the frustration hypothesis.

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