Sensitivity of wavepackets in jets to non-linear effects: the role of the critical layer

AbstractThe fullerene materials are well known for their non-linear behaviour arising from excited state absorption processes. In solution, the processes can set in at low irradiance levels, although evidence is building that the magnitude of the effects is dependent on the solvent used in the experiments and the role of charge transfer processes. In evaporated films of C60, the solvent is absent and reduced non-linearities are seen as irradiances approach the laser damage threshold of the films. When the chromophor is incorporated into polymer films, non-linear processes are found at the same levels as the solution case provided that some residual solvent remains in the composite. Excited state absorption spectra suggest that some ionisation of the C60 may be occuring.

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Non-linear effects of environmental regulations on economic outcomes

Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal ◽

10.1108/meq-06-2018-0104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 368-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jiangtao Li ◽

Jianyue Ji ◽

Yi Zhang

Keyword(s):

Linear Relationship ◽

Environmental Regulation ◽

Labor Productivity ◽

Environmental Regulations ◽

Empirical Test ◽

Economic Outcomes ◽

Content Type ◽

Non Linear ◽

Linear Effects

Purpose There is no conclusive whether environmental regulation is a constraint or an incentive to the production development. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the non-linear effects of environmental regulations on economic outcomes from the combined perspective of labor productivity and environmental regulation costs. Design/methodology/approach Under the assumption of maximizing the utility of residents and maximizing the profit of firms, this research introduces a mathematical model that incorporates the promotion effect of environmental regulations on labor productivity and the costs of environmental regulations. On this basis, the authors analyze the non-linear relationship between environmental regulations and economic outcomes theoretically. This paper also conducts an empirical test using the panel data of 28 provinces in China from 1998 to 2015 through threshold regression. Findings Theoretical analysis shows that environmental regulations impose both the environmental regulation cost effect and the compensation effect on the labor productivity enhancement. The ultimate impact of environmental regulation on economic outcomes depends on the comparison of these two effects. Under the different intensities of environmental regulation, the magnitude of these two effects may not be equal. The empirical results further confirm the nonlinear relationship between environmental regulations and economic outcomes. Originality/value Previous studies have neglected the role of environmental regulations in improving labor productivity. This work’s main contribution is to propose a novel framework to study the non-linear relationship between environmental regulation and the growth of economic outcomes from perspective of labor productivity and the costs of environmental regulations.

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