Przedsiębiorczy „cwaniacy”? – przedsiębiorczość w Polsce i społeczna percepcja przedsiębiorców w trakcie pandemii COVID-19 oraz okresie bezpośrednio ją poprzedzającym

In this article, the author conducted an analysis of entrepreneurship in Poland and the social perception of entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic and the period immediately preceding it. In the analytical part, indicators on the most important rankings related to entrepreneurship were used, which take into account the position of Poland compared to other countries. The article also uses selected reports and studies on economic, financial and social issues, including the results of public opinion polls. The inspiration for writing the article was the statement of Jarosław Kaczyński, who being asked about the Polish Order and tax changes, stated that “Those who live … out of cunning, they can actually lose out on it…”.

SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM OF TAXATION, ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING OF SMALL ENTERPRISES: CURRENT STATE AND FEATURES OF TAXATION

The article considers and studies the current state and features of tax payment by business entities that use a simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting in Ukraine as a special tax regime introduced to reduce tax pressure and stimulate and motivate domestic business. Two aspects of tax management in the context of regulating the development of small and medium enterprises and the main regulatory and legal framework on the selected research topic are considered. It is established that in the modern tax world there are four groups of single tax payers according to the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting in Ukraine. The main economic principles of accounting for income of entrepreneurs applying the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting, deadlines for payment of taxes and the procedure for submitting financial statements in 2021 are outlined. The profitability of operating activities and activities of enterprises by type of economic activity in 2020, applying the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting and tax revenues of the single tax and income tax to the state budget during 2015—2020 are analyzed. The main disadvantages in the application of the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting in Ukraine, which are inherent in the studied system of taxation in the modern domestic integration competitive economic space, are described. The main advantages for domestic business from the application of the simplified taxation system are noted. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting needs to be improved by eliminating shortcomings due to tax changes in the legislation governing the simplified taxation system, for example, by reducing the interest rate of the single social contribution. Keywords: enterprise, taxation, accounting, reporting, single tax, individual. JEL Classіfіcatіon M41, M42, M48 Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 12.

FORMATION OF LOCAL BUDGET REVENUES IN THE CONTEXT OF BUDGETARY AND FISCAL REFORMS IN UKRAINE

The article investigates the problem of local budget revenues formation in the context of fiscal reforms in Ukraine. The authors provide definitions of such concepts as "local budget", "budget revenues", "own and fixed revenues of local budgets". The composition of local budget revenues is determined and the peculiarities of their change due to budgetary and tax changes during 2001-2020 are considered. Relevant in this paper is the separation of these changes in a table, which is related to the new versions of the Budget Code, as well as the division of revenues into own and fixed. The impact of budget and tax reforms on filling the revenue side of local budgets, especially revenues from local taxes and fees, is described. The significance of the decentralization process for local budgets in terms of stages of its implementation has been studied. The importance of the personal income tax as the main budget-forming tax in the fixed revenues of local budgets and the change in the norms of its deduction to different levels of local budgets in the process of budget and tax reforms are highlighted. The importance of associations of territorial communities in order to increase their financial independence is described. Emphasis is placed on the importance of adopting a number of bills on the procedure for paying personal income tax, which contribute to the fair distribution of this tax between different territorial communities. The research is to determine the dependence of changes in local budget revenues on changes in budget and tax legislation of Ukraine.

What are effects of tax changes on market risk? - a case in listed Viet Nam investment and financial service companies

The financial crisis has been affected many global stock markets, as well as the Viet Nam stock exchange. This study analyzes the impacts of tax policy on market risk for the listed firms in the non-banking financial service and investment industry, so-called financial service industry, as it becomes necessary. First, by using quantitative and analytical methods to estimate asset and equity beta of total 10 listed companies in Viet Nam financial service industry with a proper traditional model, we found out that the beta values, in general, for many companies are acceptable. Second, under 3 different scenarios of changing tax rates (20%, 25% and 28%), we recognized that there is not large disperse in equity beta values, estimated at 1,048, 1,050 and 1,052.These values are just little higher than those of the listed VN construction firms but much higher than those of listed banking firms. Third, by changing tax rates in 3 scenarios (25%, 20% and 28%), we recognized equity /asset beta are most the same (0,23 and 0,16) if tax rate increases from 20% to 25%, then goes up from 25% to 28%.

What are effects of tax changes on market risk? - a case in listed Viet Nam investment and financial service companies

The financial crisis has been affected many global stock markets, as well as the Viet Nam stock exchange. This study analyzes the impacts of tax policy on market risk for the listed firms in the non-banking financial service and investment industry, so-called financial service industry, as it becomes necessary. First, by using quantitative and analytical methods to estimate asset and equity beta of total 10 listed companies in Viet Nam financial service industry with a proper traditional model, we found out that the beta values, in general, for many companies are acceptable. Second, under 3 different scenarios of changing tax rates (20%, 25% and 28%), we recognized that there is not large disperse in equity beta values, estimated at 1,048, 1,050 and 1,052.These values are just little higher than those of the listed VN construction firms but much higher than those of listed banking firms. Third, by changing tax rates in 3 scenarios (25%, 20% and 28%), we recognized equity /asset beta are most the same (0,23 and 0,16) if tax rate increases from 20% to 25%, then goes up from 25% to 28%.

Stick or Carrot? Asymmetric Responses to Vehicle Registration Taxes in Norway

Vehicle registrations have been shown to strongly react to tax reforms aimed at reducing CO2 emissions from passengers’ cars, but are the effects equally strong for positive and negative tax changes? The literature on asymmetric reactions to price and tax changes has documented asymmetries for everyday goods but has not yet considered durables. We leverage multiple vehicle registration tax (VRT) reforms in Norway and estimate their impact on within car-model substitutions. We estimate stronger effects for cars receiving tax cuts and rebates than for those affected by tax increases. The corresponding estimated elasticity is − 1.99 for VRT decreases and 0.77 for increases. As consumers may also substitute across car models, our estimates represent a lower bound.

Unit Sales and Price Effects of Preannounced Consumption Tax Reforms: Micro-level Evidence from European VAT

We study the effects of consumption tax changes on prices and unit sales of durables utilizing micro-level product data. The results show that tax rate changes are fully shifted into prices. An anticipated tax rate change causes a temporary shift in unit sales shortly before implementation, which is more than offset by adjustments upon and after implementation. If the tax rate increases by 1 percentage point, unit sales rise by 2.5 percent on average in the last month before implementation. The permanent effect is a drop in sales by 2 percent below their original level, implying relatively strong intertemporal substitution effects. (JEL H25, H31, E62, H24, D12, E21)