scholarly journals EXAMINATION OF PNG IMAGE OF CORONA VIRUS BASED ON BENFORD’S LAW

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
M.Z.A.M. Jaffar ◽  
A.H.H. Hamid ◽  
L.F.L. Joey
Keyword(s):  
Image Manipulation ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Forensic Evidence ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Effective Use

The global crisis caused by the Corona virus is making everyone search for new ways to eliminate this danger that threatens people’s lives. The addition of new methods for detecting the infection of people makes the prevention process fast and not expensive at all. Waiting hours or days for people’s test results is both expensive and dangerous. The use of the JPEG format for images (the most common in our daily lives) and Benford’s law when they work together makes this possible. This method has been validated by the discovery of digital image manipulation and its effective use in forensic evidence and is known to be highly sensitive. Moreover, the availability of high-resolution microscopes with optical zoom made it possible to take real and clear images of the Corona virus, and therefore the use of this method saves time, effort and risk.

scholarly journals Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection: Facts and Legends

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Diekmann ◽  
Ben Jann
Keyword(s):  
Fraud Detection ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Test Results ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Valid Test

Abstract Is Benford’s law a good instrument to detect fraud in reports of statistical and scientific data? For a valid test, the probability of ‘false positives’ and ‘false negatives’ has to be low. However, it is very doubtful whether the Benford distribution is an appropriate tool to discriminate between manipulated and non-manipulated estimates. Further research should focus more on the validity of the test and test results should be interpreted more carefully.

When Does the Second-Digit Benford’s Law-Test Signal an Election Fraud?

2011 ◽  
Vol 231 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susumu Shikano ◽  
Verena Mack
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Method ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Parliamentary Election ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Electoral Fraud ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Election Fraud ◽  
Minimal Information

SummaryDetecting election fraud with a simple statistical method and minimal information makes the application of Benford’s Law quite promising for a wide range of researchers. Whilst its specific form, the Second-Digit Benford’s Law (2BL)-test, is increasingly applied to fraud suspected elections, concerns about the validity of its test results have been raised. One important caveat of this kind of research is that the 2BL-test has been applied mostly to fraud suspected elections. Therefore, this article will apply the test to the 2009 German Federal Parliamentary Election against which no serious allegation of fraud has been raised. Surprisingly, the test results indicate that there should be electoral fraud in a number of constituencies. These counter intuitive results might be due to the naive application of the 2BL-test which is based on the conventional χ

Possession and Repetition

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 243-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohan Yoo
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lay Buddhists ◽  
Iconic Status ◽  
And Function ◽  
To Receive

This article demonstrates the need for the iconic status and function of Buddhist scripture to receive more attention by illuminating how lay Korean Buddhists try to appropriate the power of sutras. The oral and aural aspects of scripture, explained by Wilfred Cantwell Smith, provide only a limited understanding of the characteristics of scripture. It should be noted that, before modern times, most lay people, not only in Buddhist cultures but also in Christian and other traditions, neither had the chance to recite scriptures nor to listen to their recitations regularly. Several clear examples demonstrate contemporary Korean Buddhists’ acceptance of the iconic status of sutras and their attempt to appropriate the power and status of those sacred texts. In contemporary Korea, lay Buddhists try to claim the power of scriptures in their daily lives by repeating and possessing them. Twenty-first century lay believers who cannot read or recite in a traditional style have found new methods of repetition, such as internet programs for copying sacred texts and for playing recordings of their recitations. In addition, many Korean Buddhists consider the act of having sutras in one’s possession to be an effective way of accessing the sacred status and power of these texts. Hence, various ways of possessing them have been developed in a wide range of products, from fancy gilded sutras to sneakers embroidered with mantras.

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