scholarly journals Morphology of the cardiovascular system in greater rhea (Rhea americana americana Linnaeus, 1758)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
Hélio Noberto Araújo Júnior ◽  
Ferdinando Vinícius Fernandes Bezerra ◽  
Radan Elvis Matias Oliveira ◽  
Herson Silva Costa ◽  
Gleidson Benevides Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Coronary Vein ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Rhea Americana ◽  
Greater Rhea ◽  
The Right

Greater rheas have been the subject of scientific studies in the various areas of veterinary and biology in order to obtain essential information for their captivity management. The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the greater rhea heart. The 20 animals were incised in sagittal plane, then fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde and dissected after 72 h. In addition, samples from the cardiovascular system were collected, processed for hematoxylin-eosin and Gomori Trichrome Staining. The heart is conical in shape, dark red when fresh and is located between the hepatic lobes. It has two atria and two ventricles, and four valves (left and right atrioventricular, aortic and pulmonary). The aorta and pulmonary trunk emerge at the heart base, while the ostia of the cranial and caudal vena cava emerged from the right atrium and the right and left pulmonary veins and the left coronary vein from the left atrium. From the aorta artery, the right and left coronary arteries arose, which originated, respectively, the superficial and conal branches and the profuse, left ventricular and superficial branches, being responsible for the irrigation of the heart. Microscopically the heart was constituted by simple pavement epithelium, rich in loose connective tissue. The aorta and pulmonary arteries were composed of the intima, middle and adventitial tunics. Thus, it is concluded that the morphological findings of greater rhea resemble those described for other birds such as ostrich and Gallus gallus domesticus.

scholarly journals P649 Before and after: sinus venosus atrial septal defect

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Marco Clement ◽  
R Eiros ◽  
R Dalmau ◽  
T Lopez ◽  
G Guzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Septal Defect ◽  
Left Atrium ◽  
Atrial Flutter ◽  
Superior Vena Cava ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
The Right

Abstract Introduction The diagnosis of sinus venosus atrial septal defect (SVASD) is complex and requires special imaging. Surgery is the conventional treatment; however, transcatheter repair may become an attractive option. Case report A 60 year-old woman was admitted to the cardiology department with several episodes of paroxysmal atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. She reported a 10-year history of occasional palpitations which had not been studied. A transthoracic echocardiography revealed severe right ventricle dilatation and moderate dysfunction. Right volume overload appeared to be secondary to a superior SVASD with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. A transesophageal echocardiography confirmed the diagnosis revealing a large SVASD of 16x12 mm (Figure A) with left-right shunt (Qp/Qs 2,2) and two right pulmonary veins draining into the right superior vena cava. Additionally, it demonstrated coronary sinus dilatation secondary to persistent left superior vena cava. CMR and cardiac CT showed right superior and middle pulmonary veins draining into the right superior vena cava 18 mm above the septal defect (Figures B and C). After discussion in clinical session, a percutaneous approach was planned to correct the septal defect and anomalous pulmonary drainage. For this purpose, anatomical data obtained from CMR and CT was needed to plan the procedure. During the intervention two stents graft were deployed in the right superior vena cava. The distal stent was flared at the septal defect level so as to occlude it while redirecting the anomalous pulmonary venous flow to the left atrium (Figure D). Control CT confirmed the complete occlusion of the SVASD without residual communication from pulmonary veins to the right superior vena cava or the right atrium (Figure E). Anomalous right superior and middle pulmonary veins drained into the left atrium below the stents. Transthoracic echocardiographies showed progressive reduction of right atrium and ventricle dilatation. The patient also underwent successful ablation of atrial flutter and intranodal tachycardia. She is currently asymptomatic, without dyspnea or arrhythmic recurrences. Conclusions In this case, multimodality imaging played a key role in every stage of the clinical process. First, it provided the diagnosis and enabled an accurate understanding of the patient’s anatomy, particularly of the anomalous pulmonary venous connections. Secondly, it allowed a transcatheter approach by supplying essential information to guide the procedure. Finally, it assessed the effectiveness of the intervention and the improvement in cardiac hemodynamics during follow-up. Abstract P649 Figure.

ANOMALIES OF THE PULMONARY VEINS AND THEIR SURGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-166
Author(s):  
HARRY G. PARSONS ◽  
ANN PURDY ◽  
BRUCE JESSUP
Keyword(s):  
Superior Vena Cava ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Ductus Venosus ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Right Heart ◽  
Surgical Measures ◽  
The Right

The successful operations upon abnormalities of the outflow tracts of the heart suggest that surgical measures may also be applied to the correction of abnormal inflow tracts. Technically the anastomosis of veins to the auricle has been proved feasible in the experimental animal. Therefore, it should be possible to correct abnormally placed pulmonary veins in man. A wide variety of such anomalies occur. In 55 of 136 reported cases, all the oxygenated blood from the lungs was returned to the right heart through anomalous vessels. Thirty-five per cent of these cases of complete diversion were accompanied by other major cardiac defects. It is estimated that 50% or more of the return flow from the lungs must reach the right heart to produce clinical symptoms. Two cases are presented of persistence of the left superior vena cava which transmitted all the freshly oxygenated blood to the right auricle, by way of the left innominate and the right superior vena cava. The clinical picture was that of growth retardation, minimal cyanosis, a huge hyperactive heart, a loud left mesocardial systolic murmur, pulsating shadows in both upper pulmonary fields, and nearly identical oxygen-saturation of blood obtained from the right heart and femoral artery. One case is reported in which all the oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried to the right auricle by way of the ductus venosus. Surgical correction of the abnormality of these cases by transplantation of one or more of the veins would have been possible. However, no case known to the authors has yet been successfully corrected.

TYPES OF CORRECTION OF THE SUPRACARDIAC FORM OF PARTIAL ABNORMAL DRAINAGE OF THE PULMONARY VEINS. WARDEN PROCEDURE

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Inkar Sagatov ◽  
Nurzhan Dosmailov
Keyword(s):  
Left Atrium ◽  
Superior Vena Cava ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Artificial Circulation ◽  
The Right

The article describes the types of correction of the supracardial form of abnormal drainage of the pulmonary veins. One of the methods of correcting this defect is the Warden operation, which includes: after sternotomy, connection of artificial circulation, cardioplegia, the superior vena cava is cut off, the proximal end is sutured. Next, a right atriotomy is performed, an anastomosis is formed using an autopericardial patch between the abnormal drainage and the left atrium through the ASD. Then an anastomosis is formed between the auricle of the right atrium and the distal end of the superior vena cava. As a result, blood from the abnormal pulmonary veins begins to drain into the left atrium through the ASD.

Selective parasympathectomy of automatic and conductile tissues of the canine heart

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. H61-H68 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Randall ◽  
J. L. Ardell
Keyword(s):  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Atrial Pacing ◽  
Canine Heart ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
The Right

From right thoracotomy (T4-T5), the canine heart was suspended in its pericardium to expose its major venous inputs. Vagal and sympathetic trunks were prepared for electrical stimulation (10-20 Hz, 5.0 ms, 3-5 V) before and after each separate denervation procedure. Vagal stimulation was instituted with and without concurrent atrial pacing. The following surgical interventions were performed. 1) The superior vena cava was cleared of connective and nervous tissues from the pericardial reflection caudally to the level of the right pulmonary artery. 2) The azygos vein was cleared, tied, and sectioned. 3) The right pulmonary veins were isolated and cleared intrapericardially. 4) The dorsal surface of the atria was dissected between the right and left pulmonary veins and painted with phenol. Each step in the procedure elicited successive stepwise deletion of parasympathetic influences on sinoatrial tissues of the canine heart with only minor ablation of sympathetic inputs. 5) Dissection of the triangular fat pad at the junction of the inferior vena cava and inferior left atrium eliminated the remaining parasympathetic efferent input to the heart with dramatic deletion of atrioventricular block during either left or right vagal stimulation, again with preservation of most of the sympathetic innervation. These experiments clearly demonstrate differential and selective inputs of parasympathetic pathways to sinoatrial (SAN) and atrioventricular (AVN) regions of the dog heart but relatively little interference with sympathetic distributions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cor Triatriatum in Association With a Unique Form of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

2021 ◽  
pp. 215013512110469
Author(s):  
Lou Capecci ◽  
Richard D. Mainwaring ◽  
Inger Olson ◽  
Frank L. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Superior Vena Cava ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Cor Triatriatum ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Elective Repair ◽  
The Right ◽  
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

Cor triatriatum may be associated with abnormalities of pulmonary venous anatomy. This case report describes a unique form of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The patient presented at 5 weeks of age with symptoms of tachypnea and poor feeding. Echocardiography demonstrated cor triatriatum and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the right upper lung. The patient underwent urgent repair of cor triatriatum. It was elected to not address the partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection at that time. The patient returned at age 19 months for elective repair of the anomalous pulmonary venous connection. There was also a large vein connecting the right lower pulmonary veins to the superior vena cava. This was repaired by dividing the superior vena cava along a vertical axis to redirect the flow of the anomalous pulmonary veins through the connecting vein to the left atrium. This report describes the anatomy and surgical approach to a unique form of anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

A reproducible model of chronic hypoxemia

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (5) ◽  
pp. H730-H733
Author(s):  
H. G. Erath ◽  
T. P. Graham ◽  
J. W. Hammon ◽  
H. W. Bender
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Prosthetic Graft ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Persistent Depression ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chronic Hypoxemia ◽  
Breathing Room ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing

This report presents our experience with producing a stable chronic hypoxemia preparation in the dog without the disadvantages of prosthetic graft insertion or sacrifice of pulmonary tissue. In 28 adult dogs, the intrapericardial inferior vena cava and the area of junction of the right and left inferior pulmonary veins were exposed through a right thoracotomy. The cava was clamped at the diaphragm and at the right atrium, divided at the atrial clamp, and quickly anastomosed to the inferior pulmonary veins. The mean arterial O2 tension (PaO2) decreased from 83.2 +/- 1.6 mmHg preoperatively in mechanically ventilated (room air) animals to 35.3 +/- 1.5 mmHg postoperatively in awake animals spontaneously breathing room air (P less than 0.001). There was persistent depression of the PaO2 (49.1 +/- 1.8 mmHg) and elevation of the hematocrit (64.8 +/- 2.0%) in six animals tested at 18.5 mo postoperatively. Shunt patency without significant stenosis was confirmed in each animal at autopsy. This method attains predictable and persistent hypoxemia and polycythemia and is simple to perform. It may be useful in studying various aspects of ventricular function and ventricular histological and biochemical changes with chronic cyanosis.

Comprehensive transthoracic cardiac imaging in mice using ultrasound biomicroscopy with anatomical confirmation by magnetic resonance imaging

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Qing Zhou ◽  
F. Stuart Foster ◽  
Brian J. Nieman ◽  
Lorinda Davidson ◽  
X. Josette Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Imaging ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Main Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Ventricular Outflow Tract ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ascending Aorta ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasound ◽  
The Right

High-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) has recently emerged as a high-resolution means of phenotyping genetically altered mice and has great potential to evaluate the cardiac morphology and hemodynamics of mouse mutants. However, there is no standard procedure of in vivo transthoracic cardiac imaging using UBM to comprehensively phenotype the adult mice. In this paper, the characteristic mouse thoracic anatomy is elucidated using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on fixed mice. Besides the left parasternal and apical windows commonly used for transthoracic ultrasound cardiac imaging, a very useful right parasternal window is found. We present strategies for optimal visualization using UBM of key cardiac structures including: 1) the right atrial inflow channels such as the right superior vena cava; 2) the right ventricular inflow tract via the tricuspid orifice; 3) the right ventricular outflow tract to the main pulmonary artery; 4) the left atrial inflow channel, e.g., pulmonary vein; 5) the left ventricular inflow tract via the mitral orifice; 6) the left ventricular outflow tract to the ascending aorta; 7) the left coronary artery; and 8) the aortic arch and associated branches. Two-dimensional ultrasound images of these cardiac regions are correlated to similar sections in the three-dimensional MR data set to verify anatomical details of the in vivo UBM imaging. Dimensions of the left ventricle and ascending aorta are measured by M-mode. Flow velocities are recorded using Doppler at six representative intracardiac locations: right superior vena cava, tricuspid orifice, main pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, mitral orifice, and ascending aorta. The methodologies and baseline measurements of inbred mice provide a useful guide for investigators applying the high-frequency ultrasound imaging to mouse cardiac phenotyping.

scholarly journals P187 Multimodality in tuberculous constrictive pericarditis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Leite De Barros Filho ◽  
H T Moreira ◽  
M K Santos ◽  
A Schmidt ◽  
R C Santana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constrictive Pericarditis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Functional Evaluation ◽  
Initial Image ◽  
The Right ◽  
Active Inflammation ◽  
Pericardial Thickening

Abstract CASE PRESENTATION K.C.P., a 26 y.o. female, presenting dizziness and progressive dyspnea since 9 months ago. Physical examination showed hepatomegaly at 2 centimeters below the right inferior costal border, but without edema, cardiac murmurs or other findings. Electrocardiogram showed atria overload and diffuse ventricular repolarization abnormality. Chest X-ray revealed normal sized cardiac silhouette but with signs of pericardial calcification. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed: enlargement of both atria, no signs of myocardial left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy; dilated inferior vena cava with minimal respiratory variation; septal bounce; septal e´= 17.20 cm/s, lateral e´= 6.09 cm/s; E/e" septal ratio = 3.9; E deceleration time = 144 ms; thickening and hyper-refringence of the pericardium with calcification adjacent to the lateral and inferior walls of the LV and the free wall of the right ventricle. For evaluation of thickness and extent of pericardial involvement, computed tomography (CT) was performed, showing gross calcifications of the pericardium, mainly in basal and lower portions, without pericardial effusion. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging with late gadolinium enhancement revealed areas suggestive of active inflammation adjacent to the basal wall of the LV. With this evidence of active inflammatory activity, the patient was treated empirically against the etiologic agent for tuberculosis. Because of progressively severe edema and dyspnea pericardiectomy was warranted providing relief of symptoms. DISCUSSION: The echocardiogram is the initial image exam for diagnosis and monitoring of pericardial conditions. It is a widely available, low-cost method that does not use ionizing radiation and allows a complete morphological and functional evaluation of the heart. However, in up to 20% of cases, pericardial thickening may not be detectable at echocardiography. CT allows a more accurate assessment of pericardial thickening, while CMR allows detection of active inflammatory process. CONCLUSION: A typical and illustrative clinical case of constrictive pericarditis is presented, where the multimodality of cardiac imaging was decisive for the diagnostic and therapeutic delineation.

Modified Warden Operation With the Use of Femoral Vein Homograft for Repair of a Variant of Right-Sided Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-219
Author(s):  
Josue Chery ◽  
Karthik Ramakrishnan ◽  
Russel Cross ◽  
Richard A. Jonas
Keyword(s):  
Superior Vena Cava ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Pulmonary Venous Obstruction ◽  
Anatomical Variant ◽  
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return ◽  
The Right ◽  
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

Surgical repair of right-sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) involves baffling the pulmonary vein across a naturally occurring or surgically created atrial septal defect without causing pulmonary venous or superior vena cava obstruction. A nine-year-old male presented to us with an unusual anatomical variant of right-sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The pulmonary veins draining the right upper and middle lobes connected to the azygous vein that drained in the usual fashion into the superior vena cava. The Warden operation was modified, with the use of femoral vein homograft, to avoid pulmonary venous obstruction.

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