Evaluation of in Vitro Release Rate and in Vivo Absorption Characteristics of Four Metoprolol Tartrate Immediate-Release Tablet Formulations

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurvinder Singh Rekhi ◽  
Natalie D. Eddington ◽  
Michael J. Fossler ◽  
Paul Schwartz ◽  
Lawrence J. Lesko ◽  
...  
2001 ◽  
Vol 230 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Sreenivasa Rao ◽  
A Seshasayana ◽  
S.V Pardha Saradhi ◽  
N Ravi Kumar ◽  
Cheruvu P.S Narayan ◽  
...  

1996 ◽  
Vol 139 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Hernández ◽  
A.R. Gascón ◽  
M.B. Calvo ◽  
C. Caramella ◽  
U. Conte ◽  
...  

1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2521-2540 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Muktadir ◽  
A. Babar ◽  
A. J. Cutie ◽  
F. M. Plakogiannis

1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1405-1422
Author(s):  
A. Babar ◽  
R. A. Khaleque ◽  
A. J. Cutie ◽  
F. M. Plakogiannis

Fig. 12 Scanning electron micrograph of D.L-PLA nanoparticles loaded with CGP 57813. (Ref. 51.) scanning force microscopy (also called atomic force microscopy), enable the visualiza-tion of nanoparticles at atmospheric pressure without gold coating [12,64]. Neverthe-less, the resolution obtained with these new tools is still lower than that with SEM. For size determination, transmission electron microscopy is not as widely used as PCS and SEM, but it is still a powerful method for determining the morphology of particles. With this technique, Fessi et al. [42] estimated the wall thickness of PLA nanocapsules. Krause et al. [18] described the highly porous structure of PLA nano-spheres prepared by the emulsion-evaporation procedure. VIII. IN VITRO RELEASE STUDIES In vitro release studies should in principle be useful for quality control as well as for the prediction of in vivo kinetics. Unfortunately, due to the very small size of the par-ticles, the release rate observed in vivo can differ greatly from the release obtained in a buffer solution. However, in vitro release studies remain very useful for quality control as well as for evaluation of the influence of process parameters on the release rate of active compounds. In vitro drug release from microdispersed systems has been exten-sively reviewed by Washington [65]. Depending on the type of polyester, drug release from nanoparticles can take place through several processes, of which the following appear to be the most important: (1) The drug may diffuse out of the carrier through the solid matrix; to allow complete release from the carriers, (the concentration of drug in the release medium should re-main infinitely low, which condition is known as sink condition); (2) The solvent may penetrate the nanoparticles and dissolve the drug, which then diffuses out into the re-lease medium. Depending on the physico-chemical characteristics of the particles, wa-ter can enter the particles through narrow pores or by hydration. Once the drug is dis-solved, the drug diffuses out of the particles. Here again, since diffusion is driving the

1998 ◽  
pp. 204-216

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