scholarly journals Theories on the Formation and Evolution of ~2D Planar Celestial Kinematics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Bushong ◽  
Henry Bushong

The existence of essentially 2-dimensional planar solar systems and galaxies would seem to be a contradiction to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics relating to the tendency of natural processes toward spatial homogeneity of matter and energy. During the formation process of celestial systems, an equal dispersion of matter throughout 3-dimensional space would have been a more logical result to satisfy entropy/disorder increasing at all times. Conventional belief is that the ~2D planar geometry of galaxies and solar systems is largely due to rotational kinetic forces and matter collapsing due to its own gravity; this project seeks to expand and enhance the potential forces to explain ~2D planar celestial kinematics. Computational mathematics utilizing programming in C# will analyze various potential forces and relative magnitudes to determine proposed force-balances during these formation processes. A better understanding of the formation process (and the forces that govern them) of galaxies and solar systems can help explain their evolutions to steady state; for this, the derived mathematical models will be computed and translated to visual models in 4-D space-time over various time frames.

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu Jianjuan ◽  
Li Yuli ◽  
He You ◽  
Wang Guohong

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoya Miura ◽  
Shun Maeta

Abstract We show that any triharmonic Riemannian submersion from a 3-dimensional space form into a surface is harmonic. This is an affirmative partial answer to the submersion version of the generalized Chen conjecture. Moreover, a non-existence theorem for f -biharmonic Riemannian submersions is also presented.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Edward O'Donnell ◽  
Kyrie Murawski ◽  
Ella Herrmann ◽  
Jesse Wisch ◽  
Garrett D. Sullivan ◽  
...  

There have been conflicting findings on the degree to which exogenous/reflexive visual attention is selective for depth, and this issue has important implications for attention models. Previous findings have attempted to find depth-based cueing effects on such attention using reaction time measures for stimuli presented in stereo goggles with a display screen. Results stemming from such approaches have been mixed, depending on whether target/distractor discrimination was required. To help clarify the existence of such depth effects, we have developed a paradigm that measures accuracy rather than reaction time in an immersive virtual-reality environment, providing a more appropriate context of depth. Four modified Posner Cueing paradigms were run to test for depth-specific attentional selectivity. Participants fixated a cross while attempting to identify a rapidly masked letter that was preceded by a cue that could be valid in depth and side, depth only, or side only. In Experiment 1, a potent cueing effect was found for side validity and a weak effect was found for depth. Experiment 2 controlled for differences in cue and target sizes when presented at different depths, which caused the depth validity effect to disappear entirely even though participants were explicitly asked to report depth and the difference in virtual depth was extreme (20 vs 300 meters). Experiments 3a and 3b brought the front depth plane even closer (1 m) to maximize effects of binocular disparity, but no reliable depth cueing validity was observed. Thus, it seems that rapid/exogenous attention pancakes 3-dimensional space into a 2-dimensional reference frame.


2013 ◽  
Vol 470 ◽  
pp. 767-771
Author(s):  
L. Zhang ◽  
Shu Tang Liu

Many real complex phenomena are related with Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function (WMF). Most researches focus on the systems as parameters fixed, such as calculations of its different fractal dimensions or the statistical characteristics of its generalized form and so on. Moreover, real systems always change according to different environments, so that to study the dynamical behavior of these systems as parameters change is important. However, there is few results about this aim. In this paper, we propose simulated results for the effects of parameters changeably on the graph of WMF in higher dimensional space. In addition, the relationships between the Hurst exponent of WMF and its parameters dynamically in 2-and 3-dimensional spaces are also given.


2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (13) ◽  
pp. 5308-5326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Ding ◽  
Sebastian Bock ◽  
Klaus Gürlebeck

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