The role of shame, threat responses, and complex trauma in the manifestation of borderline personality disorder

This work aimed to synthesize theory and research to create a conceptual model to bridge the gap in the current debate that seeks to delineate borderline personality disorder (BPD) and complex trauma. The author critically evaluates the definitions of BPD, complex PTSD and complex trauma. Furthermore, the author draws upon recent literature that highlights the role of shame, the elevated experience of neglect and emotional abuse and the growing acknowledgement of symptomology as observed through either internalized or externalized pathways. Additionally, hierarchical trait model understandings of personality development, factor analysis into the expressions of BPD and the 4F trauma personality styles inform the framework of this model. Ultimately, looking at BPD through the lens of shame, threat and safety seeking behaviours would suggest that BPD can be best understood as the behavioral manifestation of complex trauma.