The Psychoanalysis of Sleep-Paralysis – Perspectives on Oneirology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Deep Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Bodily Movement ◽  
Unconscious Mind ◽  
Light Sleep

Dream is the reflection of our unconscious mind when we are in deep slumber. The duration of dream varies from 14 sec - 40sec and are characterized by Rapid Eye Movement (REM). Dreams occur in the transition period from light sleep to deep sleep or from deep sleep to light sleep. The associated study of dreams is known as Oneirology. It is sometimes associated by physical bodily movement

Sleep-Related Parasomnias

2021 ◽  
pp. 571-586
Author(s):  
Jaclyn L. Lewis-Croswell ◽  
José Colón
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Behavior

Ever since there have been written historical narratives, sleep anomalies have been noted, from medieval paintings of demons terrorizing an individual in their sleep, to biblical revelations in dreams and nightmares, to tales of somnambulism from Shakespeare to Disney. Mysterious parasomnias have been recognized well before they could be classified into the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. With the invention in the 1950s of the electroencephalogram, generations of sleep researchers have been able to classify once mysterious sleep anomalies as either rapid eye movement (REM) or NREM parasomnias. Some parasomnias may be benign and self-limited, such as sleepwalking in a child. Others may lead to injury or can be a sign of other neurological disorders, such as REM sleep behavior disorder. Some can terrify patients and are commonly underreported, such as sleep paralysis, which has been confused by some as modern-day alien abductions. The treatment of parasomnias depends on proper identification based on well-established criteria. Subsequently, integrative approaches to the treatment of these disorders may be applied.

Alcohol and Narcolepsy

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (541) ◽  
pp. 705-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Goodwin ◽  
Frank Freemon ◽  
Benjamin M. Ianzito ◽  
Ekkehard Othmer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Studies ◽  
Transient Loss ◽  
Abnormal Sleep ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Narcolepsy is a syndrome characterized by recurrent sleep attacks and one or more of the following symptoms: cataplexy (transient loss of muscle tone), sleep paralysis (inability to move in the transition between sleep and arousal), and hypnagogic hallucinations (Sours, 1963). Polygraphic sleep studies indicate that narcoleptics have an abnormal sleep record. Normally, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is preceded by 90 to 100 minutes of non-REM sleep, whereas narcoleptics often have an REM-period at the onset of sleep (Hishikawa and Kaneki, 1965; Rechtschaffen et al., 1963).

The seahorse, the almond, and the night-mare: Elaborative encoding during sleep-paralysis hallucinations?

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 618-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. Girard
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Detection Systems

AbstractLlewellyn's proposal that rapid eye movement (REM) dreaming reflects elaborative encoding mediated by the hippocampus (“seahorse”) offers an interesting perspective for understanding hallucinations accompanying sleep paralysis (SP; “night-mare”). SP arises from anomalous intrusion of REM processes into waking consciousness, including threat-detection systems mediated by the amygdala (“almond”). Unique aspects of SP hallucinations offer additional prospects for investigation of Llewellyn's theory of elaborative encoding.

Cerebral O2 metabolism and cerebral blood flow in humans during deep and rapid-eye-movement sleep

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2597-2601 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Madsen ◽  
J. F. Schmidt ◽  
G. Wildschiodtz ◽  
L. Friberg ◽  
S. Holm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Deep Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
State Changes ◽  
Gas Measurements

It could be expected that the various stages of sleep were reflected in variation of the overall level of cerebral activity and thereby in the magnitude of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF). The elusive nature of sleep imposes major methodological restrictions on examination of this question. We have now measured CBF and CMRO2 in young healthy volunteers using the Kety-Schmidt technique with 133Xe as the inert gas. Measurements were performed during wakefulness, deep sleep (stage 3/4), and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep as verified by standard polysomnography. Contrary to the only previous study in humans, which reported an insignificant 3% reduction in CMRO2 during sleep, we found a deep-sleep-associated statistically highly significant 25% decrease in CMRO2, a magnitude of depression according with studies of glucose uptake and reaching levels otherwise associated with light anesthesia. During REM sleep (dream sleep) CMRO2 was practically the same as in the awake state. Changes in CBF paralleled changes in CMRO2 during both deep and REM sleep.

What Is a Dream?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sue Llewellyn
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Fixed Sequence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Light Sleep

Dreaming happens during sleep. When we aren’t interacting with the world, our minds turn inwards. We dream. These dreams differ. Rapid eye movement (REM) dreams are visual, vivid, bizarre, emotional, and highly associative with embodied narratives, whereas non-rapid eye movement (NREM) dreams tend to be shorter and more thought-like. During REM dreams, the brain is as active, or even more active, than it is during wakefulness. In some dreams, during REM sleep, the dreamer is lucid—they become aware they are dreaming and can, sometimes control the dream content. These different types of dream happen at different times in the sleep cycle. Across the night, we experience NREM sleep (including light sleep and deep sleep) and REM sleep in a fixed sequence. The night isn’t a uniform period of rest. This introductory chapter explains these basic issues about sleep and dreams.

scholarly journals Increased creative thinking in narcolepsy

Brain ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
pp. 1988-1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Lacaux ◽  
Charlotte Izabelle ◽  
Giulio Santantonio ◽  
Laure De Villèle ◽  
Johanna Frain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Behaviour Disorder ◽  
Lucid Dreaming ◽  
Sleep Behaviour ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Abstract Some studies suggest a link between creativity and rapid eye movement sleep. Narcolepsy is characterized by falling asleep directly into rapid eye movement sleep, states of dissociated wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep (cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and lucid dreaming) and a high dream recall frequency. Lucid dreaming (the awareness of dreaming while dreaming) has been correlated with creativity. Given their life-long privileged access to rapid eye movement sleep and dreams, we hypothesized that subjects with narcolepsy may have developed high creative abilities. To test this assumption, 185 subjects with narcolepsy and 126 healthy controls were evaluated for their level of creativity with two questionnaires, the Test of Creative Profile and the Creativity Achievement Questionnaire. Creativity was also objectively tested in 30 controls and 30 subjects with narcolepsy using the Evaluation of Potential Creativity test battery, which measures divergent and convergent modes of creative thinking in the graphic and verbal domains, using concrete and abstract problems. Subjects with narcolepsy obtained higher scores than controls on the Test of Creative Profile (mean ± standard deviation: 58.9 ± 9.6 versus 55.1 ± 10, P = 0.001), in the three creative profiles (Innovative, Imaginative and Researcher) and on the Creative Achievement Questionnaire (10.4 ± 25.7 versus 6.4 ± 7.6, P = 0.047). They also performed better than controls on the objective test of creative performance (4.3 ± 1.5 versus 3.7 ± 1.4; P = 0.009). Most symptoms of narcolepsy (including sleepiness, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, lucid dreaming, and rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, but not cataplexy) were associated with higher scores on the Test of Creative Profile. These results highlight a higher creative potential in subjects with narcolepsy and further support a role of rapid eye movement sleep in creativity.

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