Cerebral O2 metabolism and cerebral blood flow in humans during deep and rapid-eye-movement sleep

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2597-2601 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Madsen ◽  
J. F. Schmidt ◽  
G. Wildschiodtz ◽  
L. Friberg ◽  
S. Holm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Deep Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
State Changes ◽  
Gas Measurements

It could be expected that the various stages of sleep were reflected in variation of the overall level of cerebral activity and thereby in the magnitude of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF). The elusive nature of sleep imposes major methodological restrictions on examination of this question. We have now measured CBF and CMRO2 in young healthy volunteers using the Kety-Schmidt technique with 133Xe as the inert gas. Measurements were performed during wakefulness, deep sleep (stage 3/4), and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep as verified by standard polysomnography. Contrary to the only previous study in humans, which reported an insignificant 3% reduction in CMRO2 during sleep, we found a deep-sleep-associated statistically highly significant 25% decrease in CMRO2, a magnitude of depression according with studies of glucose uptake and reaching levels otherwise associated with light anesthesia. During REM sleep (dream sleep) CMRO2 was practically the same as in the awake state. Changes in CBF paralleled changes in CMRO2 during both deep and REM sleep.

Local cerebral blood flow is increased in rapid-eye-movement sleep in fetal sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 278-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Abrams ◽  
J.C. Post ◽  
D.J. Burchfield ◽  
K.J. Gomez ◽  
A.A. Hutchison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Local Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Fetal Sheep

Linkage between brain blood flow and respiratory drive during rapid-eye-movement sleep

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1457-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Parisi ◽  
J. A. Neubauer ◽  
M. M. Frank ◽  
T. V. Santiago ◽  
N. H. Edelman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Brain Blood Flow ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Phasic Activity

The correlation between brain blood flow (BBF) and respiratory neuromotor output, as reflected by diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG) activity (EMGdi), was studied during wakefulness, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM sleep (NREM). Compared with the awake state, mean BBF increased by 4.7% during NREM and by 32.6% during REM (P less than 0.001). Also, surges of BBF during REM occurred during periods of intense phasic activity. EMGdi [peak and peak/inspiratory time (TI)] was highly variable within REM periods but fluctuated as a reciprocal function of simultaneously measured BBf (r = -0.49, P less than 0.001). Furthermore, mean EMGdipeak decreased from NREM to REM in a manner reciprocally related to the corresponding change in BBF (r = -0.77, P = 0.015). These findings suggest that a component of the reduction of respiratory neuromotor output during REM is attributable to increased BBF with consequent relative hypocapnia in the central chemoreceptor environment.

High-throughput visual assessment of sleep stages in mice using machine learning

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Geuther ◽  
Mandy Chen ◽  
Raymond J Galante ◽  
Owen Han ◽  
Jie Lian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Abstract Study Objectives Sleep is an important biological process that is perturbed in numerous diseases, and assessment its substages currently requires implantation of electrodes to carry out electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG) analysis. Although accurate, this method comes at a high cost of invasive surgery and experts trained to score EEG/EMG data. Here, we leverage modern computer vision methods to directly classify sleep substages from video data. This bypasses the need for surgery and expert scoring, provides a path to high-throughput studies of sleep in mice. Methods We collected synchronized high-resolution video and EEG/EMG data in 16 male C57BL/6J mice. We extracted features from the video that are time and frequency-based and used the human expert-scored EEG/EMG data to train a visual classifier. We investigated several classifiers and data augmentation methods. Results Our visual sleep classifier proved to be highly accurate in classifying wake, non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) states, and achieves an overall accuracy of 0.92 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SD). We discover and genetically validate video features that correlate with breathing rates, and show low and high variability in NREM and REM sleep, respectively. Finally, we apply our methods to non-invasively detect that sleep stage disturbances induced by amphetamine administration. Conclusions We conclude that machine learning based visual classification of sleep is a viable alternative to EEG/EMG based scoring. Our results will enable non-invasive high-throughput sleep studies and will greatly reduce the barrier to screening mutant mice for abnormalities in sleep.

Influence of sleep on tensor palatini EMG and upper airway resistance in normal men

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2574-2581 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Tangel ◽  
W. S. Mezzanotte ◽  
D. P. White
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Airway Narrowing ◽  
Upper Airway Resistance

We propose that a sleep-induced decrement in the activity of the tensor palatini (TP) muscle could induce airway narrowing in the area posterior to the soft palate and therefore lead to an increase in upper airway resistance in normal subjects. We investigated the TP to determine the influence of sleep on TP muscle activity and the relationship between changing TP activity and upper airway resistance over the entire night and during short sleep-awake transitions. Seven normal male subjects were studied on a single night with wire electrodes placed in both TP muscles. Sleep stage, inspiratory airflow, transpalatal pressure, and TP moving time average electromyogram (EMG) were continuously recorded. In addition, in two of the seven subjects the activity (EMG) of both the TP and the genioglossus muscle simultaneously was recorded throughout the night. Upper airway resistance increased progressively from wakefulness through the various non-rapid-eye-movement sleep stages, as has been previously described. The TP EMG did not commonly demonstrate phasic activity during wakefulness or sleep. However, the tonic EMG decreased progressively and significantly (P less than 0.05) from wakefulness through the non-rapid-eye-movement sleep stages [awake, 4.6 +/- 0.3 (SE) arbitrary units; stage 1, 2.6 +/- 0.3; stage 2, 1.7 +/- 0.5; stage 3/4, 1.5 +/- 0.8]. The mean correlation coefficient between TP EMG and upper airway resistance across all sleep states was (-0.46). This mean correlation improved over discrete sleep-awake transitions (-0.76). No sleep-induced decrement in the genioglossus activity was observed in the two subjects studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

GABAergic Regulation of REM Sleep in Reticularis Pontis Oralis and Caudalis in Rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 938-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry D. Sanford ◽  
Xiangdong Tang ◽  
Jihua Xiao ◽  
Richard J. Ross ◽  
Adrian R. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Guide Cannulae ◽  
Nucleus Reticularis

The nucleus reticularis pontis oralis (RPO) and nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (RPC) are implicated in the generation of rapid eye movement sleep (REM). Work in cats has indicated that GABA in RPO plays a role in the regulation of REM. We assessed REM after local microinjections into RPO and RPC of the γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) agonist, muscimol (MUS), and the GABAA antagonist, bicuculline (BIC). Rats (90-day-old male Sprague-Dawley) were implanted with electrodes for recording electroencephalographs (EEG) and electromyographs (EMG). Guide cannulae were aimed into RPO ( n = 9) and RPC ( n = 8) for microinjecting MUS (200, 1,000.0 μM) and BIC (0.056, 0.333, 1.0, 1,000.0, and 10,000.0 μM). Animals received bilateral microinjections of saline, MUS, and BIC (0.2 μl microinjected at 0.1 μl/min) into each region followed by 6-h sleep recordings. In RPO, MUS (1,000.0 μM) suppressed REM and BIC (1,000.0 μM) enhanced REM. In RPC, MUS (200, 1,000.0 μM) suppressed REM, but BIC (1,000.0 μM and less) did not significantly affect REM. Higher concentrations of BIC (10,000.0 μM) injected into RPO ( n = 9) and RPC ( n = 4) produced wakefulness and escape behavior. The results indicate that GABA in RPO/RPC is involved in the regulation of REM and suggest site-specific differences in this regulation.

Patterned cardiovascular responses to sleep and nonrespiratory arousals in a porcine model

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1285-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine H. Launois ◽  
Joseph H. Abraham ◽  
J. Woodrow Weiss ◽  
Debra A. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Arterial Blood

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea experience marked cardiovascular changes with apnea termination. Based on this observation, we hypothesized that sudden sleep disruption is accompanied by a specific, patterned hemodynamic response, similar to the cardiovascular defense reaction. To test this hypothesis, we recorded mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, iliac blood flow and vascular resistance, and renal blood flow and vascular resistance in five pigs instrumented with chronic sleep electrodes. Cardiovascular parameters were recorded during quiet wakefulness, during non-rapid-eye-movement and rapid-eye-movement sleep, and during spontaneous and induced arousals. Iliac vasodilation (iliac vascular resistance decreased by −29.6 ± 4.1% of baseline) associated with renal vasoconstriction (renal vascular resistance increased by 10.3 ± 4.0%), tachycardia (heart rate increase: +23.8 ± 3.1%), and minimal changes in mean arterial blood pressure were the most common pattern of arousal response, but other hemodynamic patterns were observed. Similar findings were obtained in rapid-eye-movement sleep and for acoustic and tactile arousals. In conclusion, spontaneous and induced arousals from sleep may be associated with simultaneous visceral vasoconstriction and hindlimb vasodilation, but the response is variable.

scholarly journals Dream Recall upon Awakening from Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Older Adults: Electrophysiological Pattern and Qualitative Features

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Scarpelli ◽  
Aurora D’Atri ◽  
Chiara Bartolacci ◽  
Maurizio Gorgoni ◽  
Anastasia Mangiaruga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Dream Recall ◽  
Cortical Arousal ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Dream Report

Several findings support the activation hypothesis, positing that cortical arousal promotes dream recall (DR). However, most studies have been carried out on young participants, while the electrophysiological (EEG) correlates of DR in older people are still mostly unknown. We aimed to test the activation hypothesis on 20 elders, focusing on the Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep stage. All the subjects underwent polysomnography, and a dream report was collected upon their awakening from NREM sleep. Nine subjects were recallers (RECs) and 11 were non-RECs (NRECs). The delta and beta EEG activity of the last 5 min and the total NREM sleep was calculated by Fast Fourier Transform. Statistical comparisons (RECs vs. NRECs) revealed no differences in the last 5 min of sleep. Significant differences were found in the total NREM sleep: the RECs showed lower delta power over the parietal areas than the NRECs. Consistently, statistical comparisons on the activation index (delta/beta power) revealed that RECs showed a higher level of arousal in the fronto-temporal and parieto-occipital regions than NRECs. Both visual vividness and dream length are positively related to the level of activation. Overall, our results are consistent with the view that dreaming and the storage of oneiric contents depend on the level of arousal during sleep, highlighting a crucial role of the temporo-parietal-occipital zone.

Ventilation during early and late rapid-eye-movement sleep in normal humans

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1201-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Neilly ◽  
E. A. Gaipa ◽  
G. Maislin ◽  
A. I. Pack
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Inspiratory Flow ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Ventilatory Parameters ◽  
Normal Humans

Because successive rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep periods in the night are longer in duration and have more phasic events, ventilation during late REM sleep might be more affected than in earlier episodes. Despite the increase in eye movement density (EMD) in late REM sleep, average minute ventilation was, however, not reduced compared with that in early REM sleep. Decreases in rib cage motion (mean inspiratory flow of the rib cage) in association with increasing EMD were offset by increments in respiratory frequency. Apart from expiratory time, there were no significant changes in the slopes of the relationships between EMD and specific ventilatory components, from early to late REM sleep periods. However, there was an increase in the number of episodes when ventilation was reduced during late REM sleep. Changes in ventilatory pattern during late REM sleep are due to changes in the underlying nature of REM sleep. The ventilatory response during eye movements is, however, subject specific. Some subjects exhibit large decrements in mean inspiratory flow of the rib cage and increments in respiratory frequency during bursts of eye movement, whereas other individuals demonstrate only small changes in these ventilatory parameters.

Metabolic rate and breathing during sleep

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. White ◽  
J. V. Weil ◽  
C. W. Zwillich
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Recent investigation suggests that both ventilation (VE) and the chemical sensitivity of the respiratory control system correlate closely with measures of metabolic rate [O2 consumption (VO2) and CO2 production (VCO2)]. However, these associations have not been carefully investigated during sleep, and what little information is available suggests a deterioration of the relationships. As a result we measured VE, ventilatory pattern, VO2, and VCO2 during sleep in 21 normal subjects (11 males and 10 females) between the ages of 21 and 77 yr. When compared with values for awake subjects, expired ventilation decreased 8.2 +/- 2.3% (SE) during sleep and was associated with a 8.5 +/- 1.6% decrement in VO2 and a 12.3 +/- 1.7% reduction in VCO2, all P less than 0.01. The decrease in ventilation was a product primarily of a significant decrease in tidal volume with little change in frequency. None of these findings were dependent on sleep stage with results in rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-rapid-eye-movement sleep being similar. Through all sleep stages ventilation remained tightly correlated with VO2 and VCO2 both within a given individual and between subjects. Although respiratory rhythmicity was somewhat variable during REM sleep, minute ventilation continued to correlate with VO2 and VCO2. None of the parameters described above were influenced by age or gender, with male and female subjects demonstrating similar findings. Ten of the subjects demonstrated at least occasional apneas. These individuals, however, were not found to differ from those without apnea in any other measure of ventilation or metabolic rate.

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