scholarly journals Modeling the influence of working memory, reinforcement, and action uncertainty on reaction time and choice during instrumental learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel McDougle ◽  
Anne Collins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Decision Dynamics ◽  
Reward Contingencies ◽  
And Task

What determines the speed of our decisions? Various models of decision-making have focused on perceptual evidence, past experience, and task complexity as important factors determining the degree of deliberation needed for a decision. Here, we build on a sequential sampling decision-making framework to develop a new model that captures a range of reaction time (RT) effects by accounting for both working memory and instrumental learning processes. The model captures choices and RTs at various stages of learning, and in learning environments with varying complexity. Moreover, the model generalizes from tasks with deterministic reward contingencies to probabilistic ones. The model succeeds in part by incorporating prior uncertainty over actions when modeling RT. This straightforward process model provides a parsimonious account of decision dynamics during instrumental learning and makes unique predictions about internal representations of action values.

scholarly journals Working memory activation of neural networks in the elderly as a function of information processing phase and task complexity

2015 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Charroud ◽  
Jason Steffener ◽  
Emmanuelle Le Bars ◽  
Jérémy Deverdun ◽  
Alain Bonafe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Memory Activation ◽  
And Task

Deliberative Choice Strategies in Youths: Relevance to Transdiagnostic Anxiety Symptoms

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262199180
Author(s):  
Elise M. Cardinale ◽  
David Pagliaccio ◽  
Caroline Swetlitz ◽  
Hannah Grassie ◽  
Rany Abend ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Child Friendly ◽  
Best Offer ◽  
And Task

Aberrant decision-making characterizes various pediatric psychopathologies; however, deliberative choice strategies have not been investigated. A transdiagnostic sample of 95 youths completed a child-friendly sequential sampling paradigm. Participants searched for the best offer by sampling a finite list of offers. Participants’ willingness to explore was measured as the number of offers sampled, and ideal task performance was modeled using a Markov decision-process model. As in previous findings in adults, youths explored more offers when lists were long compared with short, yet participants generally sampled fewer offers relative to model-estimated ideal performance. Searching deeper into the list was associated with choosing better price options. Analyses examining the main and interactive effects of transdiagnostic anxiety and irritability symptoms indicated a negative correlation between anxiety and task performance ( p = .01, η p2 = .08). Findings suggest the need for more research on exploratory decision impairments in youths with anxiety symptoms.

scholarly journals Binding Costs in Processing Efficiency as Determinants of Cognitive Ability

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Benjamin Goecke ◽  
Florian Schmitz ◽  
Oliver Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Elementary Cognitive Tasks

Performance in elementary cognitive tasks is moderately correlated with fluid intelligence and working memory capacity. These correlations are higher for more complex tasks, presumably due to increased demands on working memory capacity. In accordance with the binding hypothesis, which states that working memory capacity reflects the limit of a person’s ability to establish and maintain temporary bindings (e.g., relations between items or relations between items and their context), we manipulated binding requirements (i.e., 2, 4, and 6 relations) in three choice reaction time paradigms (i.e., two comparison tasks, two change detection tasks, and two substitution tasks) measuring mental speed. Response time distributions of 115 participants were analyzed with the diffusion model. Higher binding requirements resulted in generally reduced efficiency of information processing, as indicated by lower drift rates. Additionally, we fitted bi-factor confirmatory factor analysis to the elementary cognitive tasks to separate basal speed and binding requirements of the employed tasks to quantify their specific contributions to working memory capacity, as measured by Recall−1-Back tasks. A latent factor capturing individual differences in binding was incrementally predictive of working memory capacity, over and above a general factor capturing speed. These results indicate that the relation between reaction time tasks and working memory capacity hinges on the complexity of the reaction time tasks. We conclude that binding requirements and, therefore, demands on working memory capacity offer a satisfactory account of task complexity that accounts for a large portion of individual differences in ability.

scholarly journals Effect of Trust between the Time Pressure and Complexity in Judging and Decision-Making in Auditing

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleston Alexandre dos Santos ◽  
Paulo Roberto da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Behavioral Decision Theory ◽  
Behavioral Decision ◽  
Joint Influence ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
And Task

ABSTRACT Objective: the study aimed to assess the moderating effect of confidence in the joint influence of time pressure and complexity in judgment and decision-making (JDM) in auditing. The behavioral decision theory (BDT) was used from the perspective of the anchoring heuristic. Methods: as a method, the 2x2x2 experiment was used with a final sample of 126 independent auditors. For analysis, the t-test and multiple linear regressions were used. Results: the findings allow us to infer that factors such as trust, time pressure, and complexity, individually and jointly, influence JDM. The study showed that trust moderates the joint influence of time pressure and complexity on JDM. Time pressure and task complexity negatively influence JDM, but when including trust as a moderating factor, the effect of time pressure and complexity is mitigated, reducing the auditor’s difficulties and uncertainties in JDM. Conclusion: the study contributes to BDT, moving academic research toward understanding the interrelationships between personal, environmental, and task factors. It also contributes by presenting evidence that there is a need for considering and observing the effects generated by the factors altogether, in order to contribute to improving the quality of the audit.

scholarly journals Rational After All: Changes in Probability Matching Behaviour Across Time in Humans and Monkeys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Saldana ◽  
Nicolas Claidière ◽  
Joel Fagot ◽  
Kenny Smith
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Probability Learning ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Probability Match ◽  
Probability Matching ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Outcome Probability ◽  
And Task

Probability matching—where subjects given probabilistic in-put respond in a way that is proportional to those input probabilities—has long been thought to be characteristic of primate performance in probability learning tasks in a variety of contexts, from decision making to the learning of linguistic variation in humans. However, such behaviour is puzzling because it is not optimal in a decision theoretic sense; the optimal strategy is to always select the alternative with the highest positive-outcome probability, known as maximising(in decision making) or regularising (in linguistic tasks). While the tendency to probability match seems to depend somewhat on the participants and the task (i.e., infants are less likely to probability match than adults, monkeys probability matchless than humans, and probability matching is less likely in linguistic tasks), existing studies suffer from a range of deficiencies which make it difficult to robustly assess these differences. In this project we present a series of experiments which systematically test the development of probability matching behaviour over time in simple decision making tasks, across species (humans and Guinea baboons), task complexity, and task domain (linguistic vs non-linguistic).

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