scholarly journals Factors affecting uncertainty of public supply, self-supplied domestic, irrigation, and thermoelectric water-use data, 1985–2015—Evaluation of information sources, estimation methods, and data variability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L. Luukkonen ◽  
Kenneth Belitz ◽  
Samantha L. Sullivan ◽  
Pierre Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Public Supply ◽  
Data Variability

scholarly journals Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency: A Review of Direct and Indirect Estimation Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2393
Author(s):  
Wanyuan Cai ◽  
Sana Ullah ◽  
Lei Yan ◽  
Yi Lin
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Use Efficiency

Water use efficiency (WUE) is a key index for understanding the ecosystem of carbon–water coupling. The undistinguishable carbon–water coupling mechanism and uncertainties of indirect methods by remote sensing products and process models render challenges for WUE remote sensing. In this paper, current progress in direct and indirect methods of WUE estimation by remote sensing is reviewed. Indirect methods based on gross primary production (GPP)/evapotranspiration (ET) from ground observation, processed models and remote sensing are the main ways to estimate WUE in which carbon and water cycles are independent processes. Various empirical models based on meteorological variables and remote sensed vegetation indices to estimate WUE proved the ability of remotely sensed data for WUE estimating. The analytical model provides a mechanistic opportunity for WUE estimation on an ecosystem scale, while the hypothesis has yet to be validated and applied for the shorter time scales. An optimized response of canopy conductance to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in an analytical model inverted from the conductance model has been also challenged. Partitioning transpiration (T) and evaporation (E) is a more complex phenomenon than that stated in the analytic model and needs a more precise remote sensing retrieval algorithm as well as ground validation, which is an opportunity for remote sensing to extrapolate WUE estimation from sites to a regional scale. Although studies on controlling the mechanism of environmental factors have provided an opportunity to improve WUE remote sensing, the mismatch in the spatial and temporal resolution of meteorological products and remote sensing data, as well as the uncertainty of meteorological reanalysis data, add further challenges. Therefore, improving the remote sensing-based methods of GPP and ET, developing high-quality meteorological forcing datasets and building mechanistic remote sensing models directly acting on carbon–water cycle coupling are possible ways to improve WUE remote sensing. Improvement in direct WUE remote sensing methods or remote sensing-driven ecosystem analysis methods can promote a better understanding of the global ecosystem carbon–water coupling mechanisms and vegetation functions–climate feedbacks to serve for the future global carbon neutrality.

Lake Michigan Water Resources Study

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenguang Sheng ◽  
George Nnanna ◽  
Chandramouli Viswanathan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
North West ◽  
Consumptive Use ◽  
Public Supply ◽  
Water Withdrawals ◽  
Use Categories

This paper contains an analysis of withdrawal data for North West Indiana to compute consumptive-use coefficients and to describe monthly variability of withdrawals and consumptive use. Concurrent data were available for most water-use categories from 1990 through 2008. Average monthly water withdrawals are discussed for a variety of water-use categories, and average water use per month is depicted graphically. Water quality analysis is presented and historic water quality data of Northwest Indiana, (Lake, Porter and LaPort Counties) were downloaded from USEPA website and they were examined for the trends in different water quality constituents. Individual station based analysis and regional analysis were conducted using MK Test. Water quality data indicated an improvement trend. Water withdrawals data were analyzed using regression and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models. The ANN model performed a better forecasting while compared to a linear regression model. For most water-use categories, the summer months were those of highest withdrawal and highest consumptive use. For public supply, average monthly withdrawals ranged from 2,193 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) (February) to 3,092 Mgal/d (July). North West Indiana energy production had large increases in average monthly withdrawals in the summer months (17,551 Mgal/d in February to 26,236 Mgal/d in July, possibly because of increased electricity production in the summer, a need for additional cooling-water withdrawals when intake-water temperature is high, or use of different types of cooling methods during different times of the year. Average industrial withdrawals ranged from 31,553 Mgal/d (February) to 36,934 Mgal/d (August). The North West Indiana irrigation data showed that most withdrawals were in May through October for golf courses, nurseries, and crop irrigation. Miscellaneous water withdrawals ranged from 12.2 Mgal/d (January) to 416.3 Mgal/d (October), commercial facilities that have high water demand in Indiana are medical facilities, schools, amusement facilities, wildlife facilities, large stores, colleges, correctional institutions, and national security facilities. Consumptive use and consumptive-use coefficients were computed by two principal methods in this study: the return-flow and withdrawal method and the winter-base-rate method (WBR). The WBR method was not suitable for the industrial and miscellaneous water-use categories. The RW method was not used for public-supply facilities. The public-supply annual average consumptive-use coefficient derived by use of the WBR methods is 8 percent from 1990 to 2008 for North West Indiana; the summer average consumptive-use coefficient was considerably higher with the amount of 20 percent. The energy production annual consumptive-use coefficient was 13 percent by the WBR method, which increased to 28 percent for summer. In terms of maximum accuracy and minimal uncertainty, use of available withdrawal, return-flow, and consumptive-use data reported by facilities and data estimated from similar facilities are preferable over estimates based on data for a particular water-use category or groups of water-use categories. If monthly withdrawal, return flow, and consumptive use data are few and limited, monthly patterns described in this report may be used as a basis of estimation, but the level of uncertainty may be a greater than for the other estimation methods.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Public‐Supply Well Vulnerability in Two Karst Aquifers

Ground Water ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (S1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
MaryLynn Musgrove ◽  
Brian G. Katz ◽  
Lynne S. Fahlquist ◽  
Christy A. Crandall ◽  
Richard J. Lindgren
Keyword(s):  
Karst Aquifers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Public Supply

scholarly journals Public-supply water use in Kansas, 1990-2012

Fact Sheet ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan F. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Public Supply ◽  
Supply Water
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