Energy capture and carbon assimilation.

This chapter focuses on energy capture and carbon assimilation of fruit trees. It discusses the factors affecting photosynthesis and respiration, including temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, nutrient supply, water availability, oxygen, and carbohydrates.

Water Utilization Status and Water Saving Awareness Investigation

In this study, water utilization status and water saving awareness investigation were analyzed through a survey in Gwangju Metropolitan City. Consequently, it was observed that most water is wasted when showering and doing laundry. Therefore, it is necessary to supply water-saving washing machines and dishwashers along with water-saving devices. A total of 64% of the respondents conserve water in their daily lives, and the reasons are worries about the future and economic reasons. Water saving is not practiced because it is unfamiliar or uncomfortable. Therefore, methods are necessary to save water without inconvenience in daily lives. It is judged that the results of this study can be used to establish strategies for water demand management.

Geochemical Techniques to Detect Sources of Fluids in Highly Pressured Casing-Casing Annuli CCA

The buildup of high casing-casing annulus (CCA) pressure compromises the well integrity and can lead to serious incidents if left untreated. Potential sources of water causing the elevated CCA pressure are either trapped water in the cement column or water from a constant feeding source. This study utilizes inorganic geochemical techniques to determine the provenance of CCA produced water as trigger for high pressure in newly drilled wells. Affinities in the hydrochemical (major, minor and trace elements) and stable isotopic (δ2H, δ18O) composition are monitored to identify single fluid types, multi-component mixing and secondary fluid alteration processes. As a proof-of-concept, geochemical fingerprints of CCA produced water from three wells were correlated with potential source candidates, i.e., utilized drilling fluids (mud filtrate, supply water) from the target well site, Early - Late Cretaceous aquifers and Late Jurassic - Late Triassic formation waters from adjacent wells and fields. Geochemical affinities of CCA water with groundwater from an Early Cretaceous aquifer postulate the presence one single horizon for active water inflow. Non-reactive elements (Na, Cl) and environmental isotopes (δ2H, δ18O) were found to be most suited tools for fluid identification. 2H/1H and 18O/16O ratios of supply water and mud filtrate are close to global meteoric water composition, whereas formation waters are enriched in 18O. Elevated SO4 and K concentrations and extreme alkaline conditions for CCA water indicates the occurrence of minor secondary alteration processes, such the contact of inflowing groundwater with cement or fluid mixing with minor portions of KCl additives. The presented technology in this study enables the detection of high CCA pressure and fluid leakages sources, thereby allowing workover engineers to plan for potential remedial actions prior to moving the rig to the affected well; hence significantly reducing operational costs. Appropriate remedial solutions can be prompted for safe well abandonment as well as to resume operation at the earliest time.

The Effectiveness of Extended Schedules of Heating Regulation at CHP Plants with Decreasing Normative Design Temperature of the Supply Water

The aim of the work is a computational study of the effectiveness of the extended schedules of heating regulation at steam turbine CHPPs with a decrease in the normative design temperature of the supply water. The study was carried out on adequate mathematical models of CHP tur-bines and heat supply systems, considering heat pipelines' actual diameters and lengths. The main energy efficiency indicator is the specific reference fuel consumption for electricity sup-ply, calculated under comparable conditions for the operating modes of turbine plants and the load of the heat supply system. The study took into account the electricity consumption for the drive of network pumps, standard heat losses in heating networks and the electricity generation for the heat consumption of CHPPs. The study results allowed for the first time to determine the integral indicators of the energy efficiency of work during the transition of CHPPs from the normative design ones to the temperature schedules reduced by the temperature of the supply water. At the same time, the calculations revealed the limitations on the parameters of the extended schedules of regulation when transitioning to reduced temperature schedules. The most important results of the work should also be attributed to the determination of the optimal schedules of the temperature of the supply water for different values of the district heating coef-ficient of the CHPP. The results obtained are essential for assessing the efficiency of the transi-tion of heat supply systems to reduced supply water's design temperatures when using modern heating regulation schedules.

Dual Benefit of Rainwater Harvesting—High Temporal-Resolution Stochastic Modelling

The objective of the presented study was to develop a high-temporal-resolution stochastic rainwater harvesting (RWH) model for assessing the dual benefits of RWH: potable water savings and runoff reduction. Model inputs of rainfall and water demand are used in a stochastic manner, maintaining their natural pattern, while generating realistic noise and temporal variability. The dynamic model solves a mass-balance equation for the rainwater tank, while logging all inflows and outflows from it for post-simulation analysis. The developed model can simulate various building sizes, roof areas, rainwater tank volumes, controlled release policies, and time periods, providing a platform for assessing short- and long-term benefits. Standard passive rainwater harvesting operation and real-time control policies (controlled release) are demonstrated for a 40-apartment building with rainfall data typical for a Mediterranean climate, showing the system’s ability to supply water for non-potable uses, while reducing runoff volumes and flows, with the latter significantly improved when water is intentionally released from the tank prior to an expected overflow. The model could be used to further investigate the effects of rainwater harvesting on the urban water cycle, by coupling it with an urban drainage model and simulating the operation of a distributed network of micro-reservoirs that supply water and mitigate floods.

Ecosystem Services Dynamics in Bogor Regency

The decline in the quality of ecosystem services in Bogor Regency is indicated by the existence of various natural disasters in recent years. Prudent development must be carried out to minimize the impact of a decrease in the ecosystem services index. The purpose of this research is to map ecosystem services for food supply, water supply, water and flood management, and tourism aspects within 2000-2017. The data used were land cover and land facet maps at a scale of 1:25,000 obtained from BIG, accompanied by a reinterpretation process. The data sources were Indonesia's topographic maps (RBI), Citra SPOT 7, DEMNAS, and field surveys. The ecosystem services index (ESI) is calculated based on an analysis of changes in land use and land facets. The value of ESI was weighted using analytic hierarchy process approaches to each of the variables assessed by experts. The results showed that the largest changes in land use occurred in residential and forest areas. The residential area increased by 1.96%, while the forest area decreased by 1.8% in 17 years. Bogor Regency is dominated by forest and rice fields which are spread over four main landforms, namely volcanic, structural, fluvial, and karst. The most significant increase of 5.65% was found in the clean water provisioning function, while the most significant decrease of 38.47% was found in the tourism and ecotourism sector. Accumulatively, the increase in ESI was 23%, while the decrease was 20.64%. Mitigation efforts that can be done are to maintain the availability of green open space by implementing strong regulations.