Modern 2D & 3D X-ray Technologies for Testing and Failure Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herminso Villaraga-Gómez ◽  
Joshua D. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Dimensional Metrology ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Computed Laminography ◽  
Basic Operating ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract Modern 2D and 3D X-ray technologies are among the most useful non-destructive testing methods that enable the inspection of an object's internal features without cutting or disassembling the sample. This paper discusses the basic operating principle, advantages, and disadvantages of 2D and 3D X-ray based approaches for testing and failure analysis and describes how these different methods have practical application for failure analysis and dimensional metrology. The techniques discussed are radiography, classical laminography, computed tomography, and computed laminography.

scholarly journals Inductive Thermography as Non-Destructive Testing for Railway Rails

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1003
Author(s):  
Christoph Tuschl ◽  
Beate Oswald-Tranta ◽  
Sven Eck
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Current ◽  
Electrical Discharge Machining ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Heat Diffusion ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Average Crack ◽  
Non Destructive

Inductive thermography is a non-destructive testing method, whereby the specimen is slightly heated with a short heating pulse (0.1–1 s) and the temperature change on the surface is recorded with an infrared (IR) camera. Eddy current is induced by means of high frequency (HF) magnetic field in the surface ‘skin’ of the specimen. Since surface cracks disturb the eddy current distribution and the heat diffusion, they become visible in the IR images. Head checks and squats are specific types of damage in railway rails related to rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Inductive thermography can be excellently used to detect head checks and squats on rails, and the method is also applicable for characterizing individual cracks as well as crack networks. Several rail pieces with head checks, with artificial electrical discharge-machining (EDM)-cuts and with a squat defect were inspected using inductive thermography. Aiming towards rail inspection of the track, 1 m long rail pieces were inspected in two different ways: first via a ‘stop-and-go’ technique, through which their subsequent images are merged together into a panorama image, and secondly via scanning during a continuous movement of the rail. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are compared and analyzed. Special image processing tools were developed to automatically fully characterize the rail defects (average crack angle, distance between cracks and average crack length) in the recorded IR images. Additionally, finite element simulations were used to investigate the effect of the measurement setup and of the crack parameters, in order to optimize the experiments.

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