Kształcenie postaw wobec zwierząt w XIX-wiecznej literaturze dla dzieci i młodzieży

Despite the continued tendency of 19th century literature to use traditional fables with animal characters to reveal human virtues and vices, there rapidly grew up a movement of literature for young people whose only aim was to cultivate moral attitudes towards animals. By means of various literary genres, the younger generation was educated to achieve a sensitivity towards the pain and suffering of animals. Learning about the consequences of cruelty, young readers were taught to avoid maltreating animals. Literature prompted compassion in the young readers. Not only were particular examples condemned – of cruelty, beating, abuse – but the moral consequences of these violations were demonstrated. Following Immanuel Kant, it was assumed that harming animals weakens our moral sensitivity, which leads to a person becoming cruel not only towards animals but towards people as well.

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Czy literatura potrafi „mówić kulinariami”? Na przykładzie kategorii starości i młodości

10.18778/7969-662-8.04 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Wiśniewska-Grabarczyk

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Young People ◽

19Th Century ◽

The Elderly ◽

Realist Novel ◽

19Th Century Literature ◽

Socialist Realist ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Century Literature

In this paper I examine how culinary scenes correspond with categories of elderly and youth. Texts I analyse differ in terms and the amount of culinary aspects — from simple enumeration of side and main dishes to more detailed culinary scenes which are often remembered by the readers. The author of this paper is going to examine the ritual of tea brewing as performed by nubiles which is characteristic for the 19th century literature. The most important is to reveral causes and consequences of this ritual. In the second part of the paper there will be analysed socialist-realist novel, which depicts old and young people engaged in the act of eating. I debate whether the elderly and the youth are depicted similarly in the culinary context. Additionally, I devote some attention to gender differences.

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“The Escape in the Desert” in Book Culture and Literature of Pre-Peter Russia

Проблемы исторической поэтики ◽

10.15393/j9.art.2020.6822 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 56-72

Author(s):

Tatiana A. Isachenko

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

17Th Century ◽

Russian Society ◽

Western Literature ◽

19Th Century Literature ◽

Old Russian ◽

World Outlook ◽

The Subject ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Century Literature

<p> The motif of “the escape from paradise” has recently become one more time the subject of historical poetics. This motif is opposed to “the expulsion from paradise” accepted in Western literature. In the perception of scholars the motif of “the escape from paradise” in 19th century literature took a paradoxical form of “loneliness” (Dmitriev, Pushkin, Ostrovsky and Batyushkov) and then was designated as a “moving” model of a Russian man’s life who escapes from Paradise — a “homeostatic” society (L. N. Gumilev). The transformation of the motif from a “stable” model to a “moving” one led to formation of a new Russian character — a “homeless wanderer” mentioned by F. M. Dostoevsky in his “Pushkin Speech”. The article puts forward a thesis that under the influence of wandering a part of Russian society feel inclined for Old Russian forms of world outlook that incites person’s searches for life paradise in his own soul. This trend appears in the pilgrimage and theological literature of the 19th century. The transformation of the ratio between the “stable” and the “moving” towards the Old Russian ideal of wandering brings man to the saving paths of evangelical commandments. The theme of “escape in the desert” is closely related to the theme of “Mental Paradise”. In this regard, the key plot of the popular collection “Mental Paradise” popular in the 17th century and released in Wallay Iversky Monastery in 1658–1659 is considered. Based on the manuscripts the article shows how the motives of “Paradise” and “escape in the desert” having preceded the trends and having been developed in the 19th century leading to the prosperity of pilgrimage literature, are presented in literature of pre-Peter Russia.</p>

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